,-72)7 


The   great    Cbicogp 


•OOKSTAQg 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


University  of  Illinois  Library 


L161— H41 


r  See 


»-o    SO. 


CHICAGO  LAKE  TUNNEL. 


CAUSKS    WIIK'ir    LKD  TO  ITS   CONCEPTION;    THE    GREAT 

UNDERTAKING;    OBSTACLES    ENCOUNTERED; 

110  \V    THH   WORK   WAS  PERFORMED; 

LAUNCH  OF  THE  CRIB,  ETC. 

TOGETHER    WITH 

SKETCHED  OF   THE   VISITS    OF    SEVERAL'  ILLUSTRIOUS 

PARTIES   TO   THE   WORKS,  AND  A  MIDNIGHT 

TRAIN    OF    CARS    BENEATH    LAKE 

MICHIGAN. 

ALSO,    THE 

SUCCESSFUL  COMPLETION  OF  THE  GREAT  ENTERPRISE. 


SPECIAL   EDITION— 


CHICAGO: 

PUBLISHED     BY      J  A.  G  K     W I  KT  Gf-. 

IS(57. 


i 
k 


Keacl    Pag-e'14. 


J.  M.  BRUNSWICK  &  BRO'S, 


BILLIARD  TABLE 

M.ANTJ  FA  TTJ  TIERS, 

Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealers  in 

Billiard    Cloths    and    Balls,*  French. 

Chalk,  Cue  Tips,  Cue  Cement, 

Plain  and  Fancy  Ones, 

AND  OTHER  MATERIALS  BELONGING   TO  THE  TRADE. 


Office  and  Salesroom,  No.  72  Randolph  St.     Manufactory, 
Nos.  74,  76  and  78  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


(P.  O.  Box,  5904. 


TABLES     SUPPLIED     WITH    J.    M.    BRUNSWICK'S 

PATENT    COMBINATION "  CUSHIONS 

AT    SHORT    NOTICE. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IlLINOK 


THE    GREAT 


CHICAGO  'LAKE  TUNNEL 


THE 


CAUSES  WHICH  LED  TO  ITS  CONCEPTION;   THE   GREAT 

UNDERTAKING;    OBSTACLES   ENCOUNTERED; 

HOW  THE  WORK  WAS  PERFORMED; 

LAUNCH  OF  THE  CRIB,  ETC. 

t 

TOGETHER    WITH 

SKETCHES   OF  THE  VISITS   OF   SEVERAL   ILLUSTRIOUS 

PARTIES  TO   THE  WORKS,  AND  A  MIDNIGHT 

TRAIN   OF   CARS   BENEATH   LAKE 

MICHIGAN. 

ALSO,   THE 

SUCCESSFUL  COMPLETION  OF  THE  GREAT  ENTERPRISE. 


SPECIAL  EDITION— ILLUSTRATED. 


CHICAGO : 

PUBLISHED     BY 

1867. 


oo.»s 

MM  &  BAGGAGE  EXPRESS  COMPANY. 


Q 


p 
crq 
o 


Door  to  City  Railway  Office, 


FITCH,  SANBORN  &  CO.,  Proprietors. 

We  offer  to  the  Public  unusual  advantages  in  Cheapness, 
Expedition,  Convenience  and  Punctuality. 


Baggage,  &c.,  conveyed  to  and  from  any  part  of  the  City  at  the 
following  Rates: 


DESCRIPTION  OP  ARTICLES. 


One  Mile. 


Single  article  of  Baggage $0  35 

Two  pieces  of  Baggage 50 

Three  pieces  of  Baggage 50 

Hand  parcels 25 

Single  package,  to  soap  box  size 25 

Two  packages,  to  soap  box  size 35 

Single  packages,  to  flour  barrel  size  35 

Two  packages,  to  flour  barrel  size...  40 

Barrel  oil,  salt,  or  similar  packages  40 

Sewing  Machines 40 

Glass,  fragile  articles  and  furniture,  charged  in  proportion  to  the  risk. 

Parties  arriving  per  Railway  or  Steamboat,  by  leaving  Checks 

at  our  Principal  Office,  will  have  1  heir  Baggage 

delivered  promptly. 


One  to 

Two  to 

More  than 

two  mili',-1. 

three  miles. 

three  miles. 

$0  35 

$0  50 

SO  65 

50 

75 

1  00 

65 

1  00 

1  25 

25 

25 

35 

35 

35 

40 

35 

40 

50 

35 

40 

50 

50 

65 

75 

50 

65 

75 

50 

65 

75 

All  City  Railway  Cars  stop  directly  in  front  of  our  Principal  Office, 

71  STATE  ST.,  CHICAGO. 

REFERENCES     BY     PERMISSION. 


J.  A.  ELLIS,  Esq.,  President  Second  National 
Bank. 

Messrs.  MUNN  &  SCOTT,  North-Western  Ele- 
vator. 


Messrs.  DOGGETT,  BASSETT  &  HILLS,  29  &  31 


Lake   Street. 


E.  R.  WADSWORTH,  Esq.,  Gen'l  Fr't  Ag't,  C., 
B.  &Q.  R.R. 


JU. 


. 


THE   GREAT 

CHICAGO  LAKE  TUNNEL, 


Ground  was  first  broken  for  the  great  CHICAGO  LAKE 
TUNNEL,  on  St.  Patrick's  Day,  March  17th,  1864.  The 
various  causes  which  led  to  the  undertaking  of  this  gigantic 
work,  and  compelled  such  an  enormous  expenditure  on  the 
part  of  the  city,  may  be  briefly  stated.  The  inhabitants  of 
Chicago  are  painfully  aware  of  them. 

Since  Chicago  became  a  city,  its  great  want  had  been  an 
abundant  supply  of  pure  water.  This  want  became  more 
and  more  pressing  as  the  city  increased  from  a  mere  handful 
of  settlers  to  be  the  teeming  mart  of  the  western  world. 
Unlike  most  other  cities,  and  especially  those  of  the  East, 
the  surroundings  of  the  Garden  City  were  no  more  elevated 
than  the  place  where  the  city  itself  stood,  and  no  flow  of 
water  could  be  secured  from  any  direction  whatever. 
Indeed,  the  Chicago  river  possessed  no  current,  being  in  fact 
a  bayou  setting  back  from  the  lake,  its  source  on  a  precise 
dead  level  with  its  mouth. 

The  astonishing  growth  of  the  city,  Unparalleled  in  the 
history  of  the  world,  its  increasing  commerce  and  trade, 
combined  to  render  the  currentless  river  a  cesspool  of  filth. 
Miles  of  sewerage  were  constructed,  which  discharged  their 
foul  contents  into  its  turbid  waters.  Hundreds  of  steam  tugs 
and  lake  craft  plowed  its  surface,  and  the  refuse  and  offal 
from  numberless  slaughter  houses  and  packing  establishments 
in  the  vicinity  of  Bridgeport,  on  the  south  branch,  found  its 
way  into  the  filthy  river.  In  midsummer,  the  stench  emitted 
from  this  repository  of  a  city's  offal  became  intolerable ;  its 
waters  grew  thick  and  slimy,  obliging  the  steam  craft  that 
Ti  plowed  its  surface  to  go  far  out  into  the  lake  to  fill  their 
boilers  with  pure  water.  Many  terrible  explosions  have 
been  yearly  chronicled  by  the  Chicago  press,  which  resulted 


054042 


6 

from  the  use  of  the  foul  water  of  the  river  for  making 
steam.  The  animal  matter  which  it  contained  generated 
gas,  and  explosions  followed,  which  were  often  disastrous  in 
the  extreme. 

The  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  were  contaminated  and 
befouled  by  the  influx,  rather  than  current  of  the  river,  for 
a  great  distance  from  the  shore.  A  short  distance  north  of 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  engines  of  the  city  Water  Works 
were  at  work,  pumping  this  foul  liquid  into  the  reservoirs, 
from  whence  it  found  its  way  into  every  family  in  the  city. 
Bridget  had  no  other  with  which  to  fill  her  teakettle,  and 
the  laborer  must  needs  quench  his  thirst  with  it.  It  came 
on  the  dinner  table,  and  made  the  goblets  look  dirty;  it 
was  tasted  from  necessity,  and  that  was  all.  The  guests 
present,  from  cities  blessed  with  pure  water,  disdained  to 
taste  it,  and  returned  to  their  homes,  declaring  that  they 
would  not  live  in  Chicago  for  the  world,  its  water  was  "so 
filthy  and  smelt  so  bad." 

Another  grievous  evil  of  the  old  water  system  was,  that 
as  cold  weather  approached,  millions  of  infinitesimal  fishes 
sought  the  enclosure  near  shore,  from  which  the  water  was 
pumped.  In  spite  of  every  effort,  these  scaly  minnows  would 
enter  the  reservoirs  of  the  city,  and  come  out  in  scores  from 
every  hydrant,  alive  and  swimming.  This  was  the  greatest 
annoyance  of  all,  and  one  that  could  not  be  brooked.  Every 
drop  of  water  drank  in  the  city  was  highly  flavored  of  fish, 
and  one  was  obliged  to  look  twice  in  his  goblet  to  see  that 
he  did  not  swallow  one  alive.  • 

This  had  been  the  precise  condition  of  Chicago  since  it 
arose  from  the  prairie  to  be  the  largest  city  in  the  western 
world.  It  was  blessed  with  commerce;  with  unequaled 
resources  and  avenues  of  wealth;  with  railroads  running  to 
it  from  every  quarter  of  the  country,  draining  the  bounti- 
fully yielding  prairies,  and  pouring  their  products  into  its 
graneries  and  storehouses.  Emigration  flowed  towards  it 
with  unchecked '  tide.  Its  people  grew  rich,  its  schools 
numerous ;  its  magnificent  churches  could  be  counted  by 
scores;  its  fine  public  buildings  and  private  residences 


astonished  the  world.  Its  population  increased  to  more  than 
250,000  souls.  And  Chicago  was  great,  prosperous  and 
happy,  with  the  sole  exception  that  it  lacked  the  one  great 
essential  to  vitality,  to  life  itself  and  the  life  of  its  citizens, 

. PURE  WATER. 


AGITATION  OF  THE  WATER  QUESTION. 


This  state  of  things  was  endured  quite  submissively  until 
the  year  1863,  when  the  citizens  began  to  show  a  determina- 
tion to  have  it  ameliorated  in  some  manner  or  another.  The 
war  was  in  progress,  and  the  nation  was  too  much  excited 
for  anybody  to  think  of  much  else.  Engineers,  men  of 
mind  and  ability  all  over  the  country,  were  turning  their 
attention  to  the  field.  The  pencil  of  the  draughtsman  was 
busy  in  outlining  fortifications,  bridging  rivers  and  out- 
witting the  rebel  foe.  The  all-absorbing  topic  was  the  war. 
Men  of  wealth,  opened  their  purses  and  gave  to  the  common 
cause ;  patriotic  ladies  and  children  did  their  best  to  help  it 
to  a  triumph.  The  prospects  were  indeed  poor  for  any  great 
outlay  in  any  other  direction.  But  still  the  local  agitation 
was  kept  up,  until  finally  different  parties  began  to  submit 
plans  and  specifications  for  purifying  the  river. 

Many  of  these  devices  were  Yankee  in  the  extreme,  and 
not  a  few  of  them  almost  provoked  a  laugh.  Perhaps  the 
most  elaborate  of  any  was  that  prepared  by  Mr.  Gindele,  of 
the  Board  of  Public  Works.  He  suggested  that  the  waters 
of  the  Calumet  and  Desplaines  rivers  be  diverted  into  the 
Chicago  river,  by  means  of  the  feeder  and  the  use  of  pumps. 
To  this  it  was  objected  that  the  supply  of  water  would  be 
inadequate,  while  the  adoption  of  the  plan  would  involve  the 
city  in  interminable  and  expensive  chancery  suits,  the  diver- 
sion of  the  current  of  the  streams  and  of  the  canal  seeming 

LETTER  FROM  MRS.  GENERAL  GRANT.— WASHINOTON,  D.  C.,  October  24,  1866.— R 
Wheeler,  Agent  Graver  &  Baker  S.  M.  Co.,  Chicago.  Gentlemen :  It  affords  me  great  pleasure 
to  bear  witness  to  the  excellence  of  the  Family  Sewing  Machine  manufactured  by  your 
Company.  I  have  had  one  of  them  in  my  family  for  some  two  years ;  and  from  what  I  know 
of  its  workings,  and  from  the  testimony  of  many  of  my  friends  who  use  the  same,  I  can 
hardly  see  how  anything  could  be  more  complete  or  give  better  satisfaction.  The  machine 
I  have  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  I  have  ever  seen,  and  was  presented  to  me  by  my  friends, 
who  purchased  it  at  the  Sanitary  Fair  at  Philadelphia,  in  1864.  Very  truly  yours,  etc., 

MRS.  U.  S.  GRANT. 


8 

<  WATERBURT  &  CHRIMES, 


146  Dearborn  Street, 

Reynold's  Block,  near  Post  Office.  CHICAGO. 


,   Jr., 

GENERAL  ENGRAVER, 

117)^  BANDOLPH    STREET,    CHICAGO. 

Stencil  Plates  for  Barrels,  Boxes  and  Clothing,  Seals  and  Presses, 

Cancelling  Stamps,  Steel  Stamps,  Letters  and  Figures,  Burning 

Brands,  Baggage  Checks,  Harness  Letters,  etc. 

DOOR    PLATES    AND    NUMBERS, 

Liquid  and  Dry  Stencil  Inks,  Brushes  and  Cups,  Pattern  Letters  for  Foundry  Men. 
All  the  Latest  Slyles  of  Wedding  and  Call  Cards. 

SHBLTON  &  TUTTLE, 

Eastern  Carriage  Repository 

No.  50  &  52  East  Madison  Street, 
CHICAGO,   ILL. 

All  kinds  of  Light  Work  of  their  own  manufacture  constantly  on  hand. 

OPEN  AND  TOP  BUGGIES, 

Phaetons,  Draw  Seat  Buggies,  Rockaways,  AT. 

ALL  WOBK  WABBANTED  AND  SOLD  AT  THE  LOWEST  CASH  PRICES. 


9 

necessarily  to  encroach  upon  rights  which  had  vested  in  the 
canal  company,  and  in  the  owners  of  mill  property  and  water 
privileges  on  the  canal  and  on  the  running  streams. 

A  second  plan  suggested  was,  to  build  a  series  of  inter- 
cepting sewers,  similar  in  their  nature  to  those  which  have 
lately  been  erected  in  the  city  of  London,  for  the  purification 
of  the  river  Thames.  These,  it  was  thought  by  some,  could 
be  constructed  along  the  margin  of  the  river,  as  reservoirs 
for  the  filth  passing  within  its  borders  and  from  the  sewers, 
the  contents  thus  received  being  emptied  into  the  lake,  or 
distributed  over  the  '  country  for  purposes  of  agriculture. 
This  suggestion  had  a  theoretical  value.  The  largest  city  of 
the  world  adopted  it,  at  an  enormous  expense,  but  to  the 
time  of  its  consideration  here,  no  results  had  been  deduced 
which  would  warrant  a  certainty  of  probable  success.  The 
expenditure  of  money  would  be  very  great,  and  the  loss  of 
time  would  be  considerable,  and  on  so  great  an  experiment, 
which  had  not  in  itself  a  fair  prospect  of  success,  our  people 
were  unwilling  to  enter. 

A  covered  aqueduct  was  also  proposed.  This  it  was 
thought  should  be  of  the  diameter  of  ten  feet,  to  extend  from 
the  lake  to  the  river,  which  it  should  enter  at  some  point  on 
the  south  side,  a  point  at  about  Sixteenth  street  being  desig- 
nated. To  this  plan  it  was  objected,  that  the  obnoxious  mat- 
ter being  emptied  into  the  lake  so  near  the  point  whence  the 
lake  water  would  be  drawn,  it  would  be  corrupted  and  increase 
rather  than  diminish  the  evil  complained  of. 

About  this  time  the  ship  canal  bill  was  killed,  a  result 
feared  by  many  of  our  citizens.  It  deprived  them  of  all 
hope  of  relief  in  this  direction,  and  gave  an  impetus  to  the 
Tunnel  project,  which  shortly  afterwards  gained  great  favor 
among  all  classes.  Every  scheme  as  yet  presented  had 
proved  untenable,  and  the  desired  end — that  of  providing  an 
abundance  of  pure  water  for  Chicago — Avas  quite  as  far  off 
as  ever.  Only  one  point  had  been  gained,  and  that  was,  the 
people  had  now  become  thoroughly  aroused  on  the  subject. 
The  grand  result  shows  what  popular  will  and  determination 
can  accomplish. 


10 

A  TUNNEL  UNDER  LAKE  MICHIGAN. 


The  inventive  genius  of  our  citizens,  and  particularly  of 
the  different  members  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  -was 
now  thoroughly  aroused.  Western  determination  was  at 
work,  and  Teutonic  pluck  was  resolved  to  unloose  the  bull- 
dog's grip.  We  had  plenty  of  pure  water  constantly  in 
our  view,  tantalizing  as  the  fact  may  appear.  It  was  true 
that  lake  Michigan  was  quite  as  foul  as  the  river,  near  its 
mouth,  but  at  a  certain  distance  ft-om  shore  the  water  became 
as  pure  as  Croton,  cold  and  clear  as  crystal.  The  contam- 
inating influences  of  the  Chicago  river  possessed  no  power 
over  the  waters  of  the  lake,  at  a  distance  of  two  miles  from 
shore.  Here,  then,  was  an  eternal  reservoir,  from  which 
Chicago  could  derive  pure  water  in  abundance,  long  after 
the  masonry  of  the  Croton  aqueducts  should  crumble.  It 
was  a  glorious  idea  in  embryo.  How  could  this  natural 
supply  of  water  be  appropriated  and  made  to  flow  through 
the  miles  of  pipes  and  numberless  hydrants  of  the  city  ? 
The  water,  to  insure  its  constant  purity,  must  be  drawn  from 
the  lake,  at  a  distance  of  at  least  two  miles  from  shore,  far 
beyond  the  murky  influx  of  the  river  and  the  city  sewers. 
It  was  a  great  problem,  worthy  of  the  mind  of  genius.  And 
it  was  solved.  Chicago  possessed  a  mind  and  a  man  equal 
to  the  gigantic  task. 

To  Mr.  E.  S.  Chesbrough,  the  skillful  and  acomplished 
city  engineer,  belongs  the  credit  of  the  original  idea  of 
constructing  a  tunnel,  two  miles  in  length,  beneath  the  bed 
of  lake  Michigan,  which  should  literally  tap  the  lake  from 
the  bottom,  at  that  distance  from  shore,  and  through  which 
pure  water  should  be  conveyed  into  the  reservoirs  of  the 
city.  No  sooner  had  Mr.  Chesbrough  conceived  the  idea 
of  a  tunnel,  than  he  proceeded  to  investigate  the  subject. 

CHICAGO,  November  24, 1866. — Graver  &  Baker  S.  M.  Co.,  10!f  and  106  Wasltingttm  street, 
Chicago,  Ills.  Gents :  I  have  had  considerable  experience  with  sewing  machines,  and  believe 
I  understand  generally  the  principles  upon  which  they  are  constructed.  I  have  had  several 
kinds  of  sewing  machines  in  use  in  my  family,  at  different  times  during  the  last  eight  years, 
and  do  not  hesitate  to  give  the  preference,  as  a  family  machine,  to  the  Qrover  &  Baker,  being 
durable,  simple  in  construction,  easily  understood,  and  sews  all  kinds  of  material. 

P.  W.  GATES,  President  Eagle  Works  Man.  Co. 


11 

He  soon  determined,  in  his  own  mind  at  least,  that  it  was 
entirely  feasible,  and  prepared  plans  for  its  construction, 
into  which  the  other  members  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works 
entered  with  a  will. 

On  the  13th  day  of  February,  1863,  the  amended  city 
charter  was  approved,  in  which  power  was  given  to  the  city 
"  to  construct  such  aqueducts  along  the  shore  of  lake  Michi- 
gan, or  in  the  highways,  or  elsewhere  in  said  Cook  county, 
and  to  construct  such  pumping  works,  breakwaters,  subsiding 
basins,  filter  beds  and  reservoirs,  and  to  lay  such  water 
mains,  and  to  make  all  other  constructions  in  said  county, 
as  shall  be  necessary  in  obtaining  from  lake  Michigan  a 
sufficient  and  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  for  said  city;" 
"to  extend  aqueducts,  or  inlet  pipes,  into  lake  Michigan,  so 
far  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  insure  a  supply  of  pure 
water,  and  to  erect  a  pier  or  piers  in  the  navigable  waters  of 
said  lake,  for  the  making,  preserving  and  working  of  said 
pipes  or  aqueducts." 

Congress  sanctioned  this  action  of  the  Illinois  State  Legis- 
lature, January  16,  1864. 

And  so  the  Chicago  Lake  Tunnel  became  a  tangible  thing. 


EXAMINATION  OF  THE  BED  OF  LAKE 
MICHIGAN. 


Soon  after  the  action  of  the  State  Legislature,  but  before 
its  sanction  by  Congress,  the  bed  of  the  lake  was  examined, 
with  a  view  to  test  the  feasibility  of  excavating  the  Tunnel. 
In  the  month  of  June,  1863,  the  City  Engineer,  with  some 
scientific  aid,  commenced  boring  to  ascertain  the  nature  of 
the  bottom.  The  experiments-  were  made  first  at  some 
twenty  feet  from  the  shore.  At  about  two  hundred  feet  from 
the  shore,  the  water  being  a  little  over  twenty  feet  deep, 
there  was  blue  clay  underlying  a  sandy  covering.  These 
experiments  led  to  others.  Two  scows  were  towed  into  the 
lake  and  secured  by  anchors.  From  between  these  a  two- 
inch  gas  pipe  was  lowered  until  it  rested  on  the  surface  of 


12 


FAMILY 


WILLCOX&rtlBBS 
""•"NT        I  _ 
Sewing  U 

Twisted  Loop  Elastic  Lock  Stitch, 

WILL  STITCH,  HKM,  FELL,  TUCK,  COKI),  KIM), 
Braid,  l|ullt  and   Embroider  Beautifully. 

It  will,  with  the  FINEST  needle  and  thread,  run  from  perfect  work 

with  NU  change  of  needle,  thread  or  tension.  It  will  use  coarw 
cotton,  linen,  silk  and  twine.  It  runs  easier,  faster  and  stiller  than 
any  other  machine.  It  forms  a  flat,  even  and  elastic  seam,  differing 
from  every  other  stitch,  each  loop  being  TWISTED  by  means  of 

THE    "ROTA-TINO    HOOK," 

and  drawing  the  twist  Into  the  goods,  thus  securely  fastening  every 
Hitch,  so  that  the  seam  will  bear  to  be  cut  at  frequent  intervals,  and 
in  that  case  even,  the  seam  is  warranted  not  to  rip  in  wear, 
and  under  all  circumstances  to  "survive  the  washtub."  Old,  worn 

tod  to Conmi'iUee-al'  F  All  MM  w'herev'a's  tbe'c'REA TEST  COM- 
PETITION, and  to  till*  Stitch  premiums  have  been  awarded 

r'>r  in  Superiority,  l>uru.blllty,  Elasticity  and 
lieu  ii  ty. 

A  patented  device  prevents  the  possibility  of  the  machine  being 
run  in  the  wrong  direction,  or  the  balance  wheel  ever  wearing  or 

THE  NEEDLE  CANNOT  BE  SET  WRONG, 

Time  avoiding  the  great  trouble  of  other  machines. 

NO    imi.AKIX;    OF    NEEDLES. 

The  lilad..  of  the  needle  is  less  than  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
and  is  straight. 

The  Hemtner  and  Feller  can  never  be  set  wrong. 

Any  one  may  adjust  them  IN  THE  DARK.  The  hern  may  be  ol 
any  width.  No  other  henuner  or  feller  is  like  this.  It  turns  the 
hem  on  the  right  or  under  side,  as  you  want  It. 

It  will  not  drop  Btltehes,  as  the  needle  Is  always 
set  right,  tlie  blude  short  and  straight,  does  not  vibrate,  like  longer 
ones.  It  is  run  hy  steam  at  3OOO  stitches  per  minute— other  ma- 
chines at  only  400  to  1300,  with  safety.  They  are 

Manufactured  with  Mathematical  Precision. 

Hence  each  part  is  interchangeable  and  can  be  readily  replaced  in 
case  of  accident.  The  machine  cannot  be  adjusted,  hnce  will  not  get 
out  oforder.  It  will  last  a  generation,  if  properly  cared  for.  Nona 
who  have  used  it  can  be  persuaded  to  use  any  other. 

The  roundness,  evenness,  durability  and  beauty  of  Its  stitch 

WCItE    IVEVEK   EQUALED. 

Its  Riipldlty,  Absolute  StlllneM.   Kuse  ot 

Motion,  narrowness  and  neatness  of  It*  HEM  and  FKLi.  were 
never  ll|»liron.ched  by  any  other  machine.  We  can  call  in 
any  liny  IT  girl  from  the  street,  and  with  three  minutes  instruction 


vnrk  with  en 
The  PRES 

ll|I    M. 

ill-,  of  the  oth 
[  A  r;it,i,s  is 


raally  prt 
Sewing   Muchliie  In   the  World. 


this  the  Kent  Family 


Wh 


disparagement  to  say  the  Will- 
,,  double  that  of  any  other  ever 


lii.  for  family 

of  tho  American  Institute— the 

F1KST  PREMIUM  for 

"THE  BEST  SEWING  MACHINE," 

at  the  great  Xew  England  Fair— the  Vermont  State  Fair— the  Penn- 
.vlvanw  State  Fnir-the  Indiana  State  Falr-the  Wisconsin  State 
Fair— the  Michigan  State  Fair— the  Iowa  State  Fair— and  at  over 
6O  County  Fnirs  throughout  the  Well— making  more  First  Premi- 
ums than  were  taken  by  all  other  Sewing  Ma.  Meet  together  in  the 

ms'rioWTHE  GREAT  LEADING  FAMILY  SEWING  MACHINE 
A.T_,T_,    OVER,    THE    "WORLD. 

PrUe  of  Machines,  with  heinmer,  feller,  gauge,  oil   can,  eitra 

needles,  full  directions  *c  ,  from  $56  to  |1SO. 

Bur  mini's  Self-Sewer  for  all  Sewing  Machines, 

Guides  the  work  itself,  avoiding  the  bent  posture  and  strain  on  the 
eyes.  Pri<ef§1.5O.  Large  disconnl  to  Agents. 

We  take  other  machines  in  exchange.  Wenell  OIL,  COTTOK,  SILK, 
TWIST  and  NEIXLM  for  every  kind  of  Sewing  Machine. 

AlfentM  Wlstl ted.—  Terms  to  Agents,  descriptive  circulai 
smd  specimens  of  work,  sent  free  by  mall,  on  receipt  of  stamp,  ol 
bad  0? 

L.  CORNELL  &  CO.,  Gen'l  Ag'ts, 
133  Lake  Street,  niK'.UiO,  ILL. 


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the  earth,  the  top  heing  two  or  three  feet  above  the  surface 
of  the  water.  Down  this  tube  an  auger  was  passed,  both 
being  capable  of  being  lengthened  by  screwing  additional 
parts  to  each.  At  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  shore, 
the  water  being  twenty  feet  deep,  there  was  found  a  four- 
inch  covering  of  sand  and  thirty  feet  of  blue  clay.  One 
and  three-quarters  miles  out,  the  water  being  thirty-one  feet 
deep,  the  same  substratum  was  discovered.  Two  miles  and 
a  quarter  due  east  of  the  Water  Works,  near  the  site  of  the 
crib  as  at  present  located,  the  water,  being  thirty  feet  deep, 
was  clear  and  cool.  The  earth  was  penetrated  to  the  depth 
of  thirty  feet.  Here  was  found  a  covering  of  sand  and  soft 
mashy  clay,  with  a  clay  becoming  more  hard  and  compact 
as  it  was  sunk  into.  On  June  16th,  of  the  same  year,  the 
temperature  of  the  water  began  to  be  tested.  Its  clearness 
wa"s  apparent,  a  small  object  being  visible  at  a  distance  of 
eighteen  feet,  the  water  being  thirty-six  feet  deep.  On  the 
su-rface,  the  thermometer  showed,  at  three  o'clock  of  the 
16th  day  of  June,  sixty  degrees,  and  at  the  bottom,  fifty-one 
and  a  half  degrees.  These  experiments  continued  'to  be  car- 
ried on  with  the  like  result  of  exhibiting  a  clay  substratum, 
the  approach  to  the  shore,  however,  showing  a  deeper  alluvial 
deposit,  composed  mainly  of  sand. 


AWARD  OF  THE  TUNNEL  CONTRACT. 


The  result  of  the  above  experiments  was  the  adoption  of 
Mr.  Chesbrough's  idea  of  building  a  tunnel  under  the  lake, 
which  they  demonstrated  to  be  entirely  practicable  to  the 
minds  of  the  engineers.  The  old  methods  of  purifying  the 
river,  the  compound  sewers,  ship  canals,  windmills,  etc.,  were 
at  once  abandoned  ;  and  it  is  said  that  the  Board  of  Public 
Works  occasionally  laugh  at  their  own  folly,  in  once  enter- 
taining such  plans,  now  that  the  correct  one  has  been  found. 

Mrs.  W.  T.  Myrick  says :  I  have  used  the  Grover  &  Baker  machine  for  nine  years.  I  think 
it  is  all  that  it  is  recommended  to  be — easy  to  keep  in  order,  and  the  stitch  more  durable 
than  any  other  I  have  seen. 

Myrick's  Hotel,  State  street. 


14 


All  visitors  to  the  Great  Lake  Tunnel  must  not  fail  to  call  at  128 
Washington  Street,  next  to  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  take  out  an 
Accident  Insurance  Policy  for  one  year. 

The  Travelers'  Insurance  Company,  of  Chicago,  organized 
in  April  1865,  under  a  special  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois,  is  one 
of  the  Companies  that  has  sustained  itself'nobly  in  this  branch  of 
Insurance.  It  contains  among  its  Stockholders  many  of  the  principal 
business  men  of  Chicago  and  the  West,  is  managed  by  careful  and 
experienced  underwriters,  and  is  in  every  respect  reliable  and  worthy 
the  support  and  patronage  of  western  men. 

With  all  that  has  been  done  up  to  the  present  time  in  this  direction, 
Accident  Insurance  is  still  in  its  infancy. 

There  is  no  reasonable  doubt  but  what  this  kind  of  protective 
Insurance  is  rapidly  becoming  just  as  popular,  and  is  considered  just  as 
legitimate  as  Fire  Insurance. 

This  Company  have  lately  attached  a  new  feature  to  their  already 
permanently  established  Accident  business.  They  are  now  issuing 
Policies  covering  Death  from  any  Cause,  with  weekly  compen- 
sation in  case  of  accidental  injury. 

This  feature  will  commend  itself  to  the  attention  of  the  public  as 
being  something  new  and  popular  in  underwriting.  Their  rates  are  all 
Cash,  as  low  as  can  be  adopted  with  safety,  and  are  within  the 
reach  of  all. 


This    Company  pays  Dividends  to  its 
in  advance. 

Agencies  are  established,  where  Policies  may  be  obtained  in  the 
principal  Cities  and  Towns  throughout  the  West. 

TRAVELERS 

Insurance  Company  of  Chicago. 


Oi\i>ital, 


^1OO,OOO.OO. 


ORVILLE   PAGE,  President. 
HENRY  W.  KINa.  Treasurer. 


CHARLES  L.  CURRIER,  Vice  President. 
JOHN  W.  CLAPP,  Secretary. 


Home  Office,  128  Washington  Street. 


LIST    OF    STOCKHOLDERS. 


John  Tyrrell,    Firm  Burley  <6  Tyrrell. 

Henry  W.King,    "     King,  Kellogg  <£•  Co. 

W.  E.  Doggett,     "     Doggett,  Bassett  &  Hills. 

H.  A.  Hurlbut,     "     J.  H.  Reed  &  Co. 

E.  Frankenthal,  "     E.  Frankenthal  &  Co. 

Jacob  Friedman,  Tobacconist. 

Wm.  McKindly,  V.  Prs.  Mer.  F.  <£•  M.  Int.  Co. 

Wm.  E.  Kollo,  Sec'y  "          "          " 

J.  L.  Stark,  Jr.,  Attorney  at  Law. 

N.  Jewett,  of  J.  M.  BradstreeCs  Com'l  Ag. 

Schuyler  S.  Benjamin,  Pro.  Adams  House. 

Charles  Hitchcock,  Attorney  at  Law. 

Julius  II.  Currier,  Sec.  111.  Cen.  Fire  Ins.  Co. 

D.  W.  Page,  firm,  Culver,  Page  d-  Ifoyne. 

Bimon  Florsheim,  Insurance  Broker. 

H.  N.  Ilibbard,  Attorney  at  Law. 

George  P.  Lee,  Treas.  Chicago  &  N.  W.  Ky. 

David  A.  Gage,  Prop'r  Sherman  House. 

C.  C.  Waite,  "  "  " 


Chas.  L.  Currier,  Sec'y  Am.  Fire  Ins.  Co. 
Richard  Somers,  Prop'r  Richmond  House. 
N.  N.  West, 

D.  L.  AVt-lls,  R.  R.  Crmtract.  A  Br.  Builder. 
Robert  Hill,  Prop'r  ifal/eson  House. 

C.  II.  Cram,  with  Doggdt,  Bassetl  d-  Hills. 
II.  Z.  Culver,  firm  Culver,  Page  &  Hoyne. 
W.  F.  Wentworth,  Cashier  Briggs  House. 
F.  W.  Bnrnham,  "  " 
John  B.  Drake,  Prop'r  Tremont  House. 
John  J.  Peacro,  Prop'r  Adams  House. 
Orville  Page,  I'rest.  Travelers  Ins.  On, 

M.  A.  Hoytie,./Jrm  Culver,  Page  d-  Hoyne. 
Allen  Gibson,  Prest.  Rock  River  Ins.  Co. 
J.  II.  McVickcr,  Prop'r  McVicker's  Theatre. 
R.  N.  Isham,  M.D.,  Prof.  <tc.,  Chi.  Med.  Col. 

D.  Goodwin,  Jr.,  Gen.  Ag't  Kat.  Life,  Ins.  Co. 
John  W.  Clapp,  Sec'y  Travelers  Ins.  Co. 
Chas.  N.  Conkey,  New  Tork. 


But  it  was  only  through  such  inquiry  and  examination — 
research  deep  and  long — that  the  proper  plan  was  at  last 
dbtained. 

The  necessary  drawings  and  specifications  were  now  pre- 
pared, under  the  never-wearying  eye  of  Mr,  Chesbrough. 
Advertisements  for  bids  for  building  the  CHICAGO  LAKE 
TUNNEL  soon  astonished  the  world,  appearing  in  all  the 
Chicago  papers,  and,  as  we  believe,  the  New  York  dailies. 
Several  letters  containing  "  sealed  proposals  "  or  bids  were 
soon  received,  which' were  opened  on  the- 9th  of  September, 
1863,  in  the  presence  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  and 
nearly  all  the  several  parties  proposing. 

The  bids  were  seven  in  number,  and  ranged  very  wide  of 
each  other,  as  follows: 

James  Andrews,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa $239,548 

Dull  &  Gowan,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa 315,139 

Walker,  Wood  &  Robinson,  of  New  York 315,000 

Williams,  McBean,  Brown  &  Nelson,  of  Chicago.     490,000 

Henry  Nash,  of  Chicago  (per  lineal  foot) .40 

D.  L.  De  Golyer,  of  Chicago 620,000 

William  Baldwin,  of  New  York 1,056,000 

The  question  will  be  asked,  why  this  disparity  of  bids  ? 
It  arose  from  the  fact  of  a  difference  of  opinion  existing 
among  the  different  parties  offering  the  proposals,  as  to  the 
character  of  the  soil  beneath  the  lake.  Some  of  them 
claimed  that  they  would  meet  with  sand  or  gravel  in  the 
work  of  excavation,  which  would  render  it  both  difficult  and 
dangerous ;  while  others  argued  that  the  soil  would  be 
uniformly  of  clay  and  easily  tunneled. 

Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  gentlemen 
well  known  in  the  engineering  world,  although  not  the 
lowest  bidders,  were  the  only  parties  who  made  an  unqualified 
proposal,  taking  all  risks  of  soil,  etc.,  upon  themselves,  and 
consequently  the  contract  was  awarded  to  them. 

On  the  5th  of  October,  the  following  month,  the  Common 
Council  of  Chicago  granted  all  necessary  authority  for 
building  the  Tunnel,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned,  and 
ordered  that  the  requisite  bonds  be  issued. 

The   contract   for    this    gigantic   work,    pronounced   by 


16 

MUNSON,  SKINNER  &  CLARKE, 
PRINTERS, 

Blank  Book  Manufacturers, 

AND  JOBBING  STATIONERS, 
14O  Lake  Street, 

CHICAGO. 


COMMERCIAL  FEINTING 

In  all  its  varieties  executed  in  the  BEST  MANNER,  with  PROMPT- 
NESS and  at  LOW  RATES. 


STATIONERY 

Of  every  variety,  at 

MANUFACTURERS'  PRICES. 

One  of  the  members  of  our  firm  gives  his  personal  supervision  to  the 
manufacture  of 

BLANK  BOOKS, 

And  having  had  an  experience  of  twenty-four  years,  we  know  we  can 
please  the  most  difficult. 

Particular  attention  given  to  ordered  work,  of  any  pattern  of 

Ruling,  Printing  or  Binding. 


We  are  sole  Agents  in  the  Northwest  for  several  of  the  most  celebrated 
manufacturers,  and  can  offer  great  inducements  to  the  trade. 

MUNSON,  SKINNER  &  CLARKE, 

I4O  Lake  Street,  CHICAGO. 


DESCENDING  THE   SHOKE  SHAFT. 


[SEE  PAGE  16.] 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


19 

engineers  of  both  hemispheres  to  be  the  greatest  the  world 
ever  saw,  and  beside  of  which  the  tunneling  of  the  Thames 
was  mere  child's  play,  was  signed  and  sealed  on  the  28th 
day  of  October,  1863.  This  paper,  which  bound  the 
contractors  to  undertake  and  complete  the  greatest  project 
ever  entered  upon  by  men,  and  the  city  of  Chicago  to  pay 
them  for  the  same,  together  with  the  penalties  of  failure  by 
either  party,  bears  the  signatures  of  James  J.  Dull  and 
James  Gowan,  the  contractors,  and  J.  G.  Gindele,  Frederick 
Letz,  0.  J.  Rose,  and  F.  C.  Sherman,  Commissioners  of 
the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and  specifies  the  completion  of 
the  work  "  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
1865."  As  will  be  seen  hereafter,  the  time  fixed  for  the 
completion  of  the  work  proved  to  be  far  too  early.  It  was 
destined  to  be  the  work  of  years. 


GROUND  BROKEN  FOR  THE  TUNNEL. 


A  delay  of  about  two  months  in  the  casting  of  the  huge 
cylinders  for  the  shore  shaft  of  the  Tunnel,  at  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  postponed  the  inauguration  ceremonies  until 
the  17th  of  March,  1864,  on  which  day  the  first  shovelful 
of  earth  was  removed.  These  ceremonies  were  of  an 
interesting  character,  every  man  participating  in  them 
feeling  aware  of  the  great  undertaking  upon  which  they 
were  entering,  and  the  disgrace  which  a  failure  would  bring 
both  upon  themselves  and  the  city.  The  ceremonies  were 
witnessed  by  about  a  hundred  gentlemen,  among  whom  were 
Mayor  Sherman,  Messrs.  Letz  and  Rose,  of  the  Board  of 
Public  Works,  Mr.  S.  S.  Hayes,  the  City  Comptroller, 
Messrs.  E.  S.  Chesbrough,  U.  P.  Harris,  and  a  majority  of 
the  members  of  the  Common  Council.  The  Mayor  made 
a  few  remarks  appropriate  to  the  occasion,  and  then  took 
the  pick  and  broke  the  ground,  amid  the  cheers  of  the 

Dear  Sir :  I  am  very  happy  to  say  that  the  Grover  &  Baker  machine  is,  in  my  opinion,  the 
very  best  family  machine  in  use.  Having  had  work  done  on  others,  I  can  truly  say  I  like 
the  work  done  by  yours  better  than  any  I  have  tried. 

MRS.  C.  J.  GILBERT,  848  Prairie  Avenue. 


20 

1O1  Lake  St.,  Ohicago. 


NORTHWESTERN  AGENCY  CLOTHES  WHINGERS! 

Manufactured  by  the  Bailey  Washing  and  Wringing  Machine  Co. 

CLASSIFICATION    AND    PRICE    LIST. 

•     V  Class  No.  1 ,  Wringers  with  Cog  Wheels. 

SIZE  OF  ROLL. 
Retail  Prices.        Length.  Diam. 

No.  2.    NOVELTY $900.  10  inches.         \%  inches. 

"  3.             "         11  00.  11  "  2  " 

"2.    CHAMPION, 900.  10  "  1%  " 

«  8.            "           11  00.  11  "  2  " 

"4.    BENCH  MACHINE, 1200.  11  "  2%  " 

«  2.         "               " 16  00.  8  "  3  " 

«   1.          "               "           18  00.  10  "  3  " 

ANo.l.     "               "           2000.  10  "  3  " 

No.  2.    SET  TUBS, 15  00.  8  "  3  " 

"  1.      "        "      17  00.  10  "  3  " 

«'  4.      "        "      12  00.  11  "  2%  " 

CLASS  No.  2,   WITHOUT  COG  WHEELS. 

No.  1.    NOVELTY $750.  10  inches.        \%  inches. 

"1.    CHAMPION 750.          10     "  1%      " 


Manufactured  by  the  Metropolitan  Washing  Machine  Co. 

SIZE  OF  BOLL. 
Retail  Prices.        Length.  Diam. 

No.    1.      HOTEL  WHINGER,  COG  WHEEL, $12  00.  11  inches.        2V  inches. 

1U.  FAMILY         "  "  "        10  00.  11 

2  "  *'  "  "  8  50  93 

.  without  Cogs,..!'..!..'....    7  5o!  10 


8.      LARGE  HOTEL  WRINGER,  with  Cogs 18  00.  14 

18.      LAUNDRY,  STEAM  OR  HAND, 30  00.  \1\. 

22.      LARGE  LAUNDRY,    "  45  00.  17> 

2.      SHERMAN  IRON  FRAME, 800.  10 

2.  "  "  "        7  50.  10 

3.  NEW  WORLD 750.  10 


DOTY'S  CLOTHES  WASHER! 

Family  size, $14 . 00.  Hotel  size, $16 . 00. 


Purrington's  Patent  Roll  Carpet  Sweeper  ! 

B^-CLOTHES  WEINGERS  REP  AIRED. 


.  RICE, 

161  Lake  St.,  Chicago. 


21 

company.  Each  of  the  gentlemen  took  a  shovelful  of  earth 
and  placed  it  in  the  wheelbarrow,  which  was  taken  away  by 
Colonel  Gowan,  one  of  the  contractors.  The  field  was  then 
abandoned  to  Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan,  and  the  work  placed 
in  their  hands ;  the  Board  reserving  the  right  to  examine 
and  criticise  the  operations  as  they  progressed. 

The  location  of  the  shore  shaft  was  on  the  site  of  the  old 
pumping  works,  at  the  east  end  of  Chicago  avenue,  directly 
on  the  lake  shore,  about  half  an  hour's  walk  from  the  Court 
House. 

SINKING  OF  THE  SHOKE  SHAFT. 


Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan,  the  contractors,  now  entered 
zealously  upon  their  great  enterprise.  A  shaft  about  nine 
feet  in  diameter  was  sunk,  on  the  above  site,  a  short  distance 
from  the  shore  of  the  lake.  When  the  workmen  had 
descended  a  short  distance  into  the  earth,  they  encountered 
a  bed  of  shifting  quicksand,  which  for  a  time  defied  all  efforts 
at  excavation.  It  was  originally  intended  to  construct  the 
shaft  wholly  of  brick,  running  it  down  from  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  to  a  depth  of  fifteen  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
bottom  of  the  lake,  but  encountering  the  quicksand  com- 
pelled the  abandonment  of  this  method*  The  contract  was 
consequently  deviated  from,  and  the  contractors  were  author- 
ized to  run  down  an  iron  cylinder  of  the  same  dimensions  as 
the  center  of  the  crib,  as  far  as  the  bottom  of  the  sand  bed, 
about  twenty-six  feet.  This  inlet  cylinder  is  nine  feet  in 
diameter,  inside,  and  two  and  a  quarter  inches  thick.  It  is 
cast  in  four  sections  of  about  nine  feet  in  length.  The  great 
labor  of  sinking  these  sections  will  be  apparent  to  all. 
From  the  bottom  of  the  cylinders,  twenty-six  feet,  the  shaft 
was  continued  into  the  earth  until  it  reached  the  depth  of 
sixty-nine  feet,  being  constructed  of  jbrick  from  the  point 
where  the  iron  cylinders  ceased. 

This  shaft  is  not  unlike  an  immense  well.  It  was  des- 
tined to  be  the  great  highway  through  which  the  clay 
excavated  from  the  Tunnel  proper  should  be  conveyed  to  the 


22 


RICE  <fc  ALLEN, 

6  '« 

JOHN  D.  RICE,  Successor.          2 

^* 

fi> 

Off 
A 

PUBLISHER  AND  WHOLESALE  AND  EETAIL  DEALEK  IN 

J  CO 

8  S 

tfiunn  iFTiiflfl    imitAiiAifi  8 

CO 


^ 

Lithographs,  Photograplis,  ci5 


o 


PICTURE  FRAMES  AND  MOULDINGS. 


WESTERN  AGENT  FOR  FOSTER  &  CO.'S 

Enamel   Glass  and  Mounted   Flowers. 

1  The  trade  supplied  at  Manufacturers' 


CANVASSING  AGENTS  WANTED ! 

RARE   INDUCEMENTS  OFFERED! 

• 

Send  for  Circular. 

Address  JOHN  Z>.  RICE, 

90  State  Street,  Chicago. 


23 

outer  world,  and  much  satisfaction  was  felt  by  the  con- 
tractors when  this  bare  commencement  of  their  great  work 
was  accomplished. 

Over  the  mouth  of  this  shaft,  a  rough,  temporary  building 
was  erected,  large  enough  to  contain  a  steam  engine  of  great 
power,  the  office  of  the  contractors,  and  the  brick,  cement, 
tools,  etc.,  used  by  the  workmen.  An  elevator  was  now 
constructed,  which  carried  the  miners  up  and  down  the  shaft 
to  their  work,  being  propelled  by  the  engine.  Stepping 
upon  this  platform,  half  a  dozen  hardy  miners,  carrying 
each  his  little  lamp,  pick  and  shovel,  would  descend  far 
beneath  the  view  of  the  spectators  to  their  labors  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth.  The  clay  which  they  excavated  was 
brought  up  the  slfaft  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  brick, 
cement,  etc.,  carried  down. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  water  soon  began  to  ooze  in, 
and  it  became  necessary  to  construct  a  pump,  which  was 
worked  by  the  engine,  and  which  kept  it  dry. 


EXCAVATING  THE  TUNNEL  PROPER. 


At  the  depth  of  sixty-nine  feet  the  workmen  stopped,  and 
the  shore  "shaft"  was  pronounced  a  success.  Here  began 
that  nice  engineering,  which  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Lon- 
don Times,  who  had  visited  the  Tunnel,  pronounced  "  the 
greatest  of  modern  times." 

The  point  in  the  lake  where  the  Tunnel  should  receive 
water  had  already  been  fixed,  by  means  of  soundings,  and 
buoys  marked  the  spot.  An  imaginary  straight  line  was 
drawn,  which  the  Tnnnel  was  to  follow  from  the  point  where 
it  crossed  the  shaft,  which  was  little  less  than  prolonging  a 
straight  line  nine  feet  in  length,  without  deviation,  until  it 
reached  some  point  two  miles  ahead.  The  compass,  the 
natural  reliance  of  man  upon  the  lake,  could  not  be  relied 

CHICAGO,  November  24fh,  1866.— Mestrs.  Graver  <&  Baker.  Gents:  We  hare  used  in  our 
manufactory  various  kinds  of  sewing  machines,  for  the  express  purpose  of  testing  which 
was  the  best  adapted  to  our  work,  and  our  conclusion  is,  "  Give  us  the  Grover  &  Baker." 
We  think  wo  have  the  machine  which  is  going  to  save  money  for  us,  as  well  as  our  customers ; 
saving  of  time  to  us  and  the  durability  of  the  work  our  customers  are  sure  to  get.  We  hare 
used  the  machine  for  thirteen  years.  J.  W.  GBISWOLD  &  CO.,  54  Lake  street. 


24 

upon  under  the  lake.  Local  attractions  of  the  earth  would 
render  it  uselessly  inaccurate,  so  far  as  giving  anything  more 
than  a  general  direction  was  concerned.  The  only  method  of 
procedure  was  to  run  the  axis  of  the  Tunnel  parallel  with 
the  straight  line  drawn  over  the  lake,  which  was  only  observ- 
able at  the  point  where  it  crossed  the  shaft. 

With  this,  to  less  scientific  minds  than  those  engaged  in 
the  great  work,  frail  reliance,  the  miners  struck  their  picks 
into  the  hard  clay  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  and  excavating 
was  commenced  directly  lakewards.  The  clay  was  thrown 
upon  the  elevator  before  mentioned,  and  drawn  up  the  shaft, 
while  an  ingenious  apparatus  was  arranged  which  carried  it 
off  and  "  dumped"  it. 

The  width  of  the  Tunnel,  when  bricked  «p,  was  decided  to 
be  five  feet,  and  its  clear  height  five  feet  two  inches,  the  top 
and  bottom  arches  being  semi-circles.  Two  miners  were  all 
that  could  work  upon  the,  excavation  ahead  of  the  masons 
who  laid  the  brick,  and  they  were  relieved  at  regular  inter- 
vals, so  that  the  work  should  not  stop  for  a  moment.  The 
brick  masonry,  which  followed  the  miners  as  fast  as  they 
advanced,  was  eight  inches  thick,  the  bricks  being  laid 
lengthwise  of  the  Tunnel,  with  toothing  joints,  to  give  it 
greater  strength  and  durability.  Between  this  masonry  and 
the  sides  of  the  excavation,  as  much  of  the  earth  was  forced 
back  as  possible.  The  lower  half  of  the  bore  was  constructed 
jn  such  a  manner  that  the  bricks  lie  against  the  clay,  while 
in  the  upper  half  the  bricks  were  wedged  in  between  the 
brick  and  the  earth,  thus  preventing  any  danger  which  might 
result  from*the  tremendous  pressure  which  it  was  feared 
might  burst  in  the  Tunnel. 

The  material  used  in  the  masonry  was  white  Illinois  brick, 
of  the  usual  size,  laid  in  cement.  The  Tunnel  was  to  have 
a  slope  from  the  "  crib,"  or  lake  terminus,  to  the  shore,  of 
two  feet  to  the  mile,  to  adgiit  of  its  being  emptied  in  case 
repairs  should  at  any  future  time  be  necessary,  the  water 
being  shut  off  by  means  of  gates  at  the  lake  end. 

In  this  slow  and  tedious  manner,  the  workmen  made  their 
way  under  the  lake,  from  fourteen  to  twenty  feet  being  con- 


25 

sidered  great  progress  for  twenty-four  hours,  the  work  being 
continued  night  and  day.  Before  they  had  advanced  far 
from  the  shaft,  the  air  began  to  grow  impure,  and  each  day 
the  difficulty  increased.  Here  was  an  obstacle  of  no  small 
moment  to  encounter.  A  large  steam  bellows  was  obtained, 
and  placed  at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft,  from  which  piping, 
not  unlike  ordinary  stove  pipe,  was  run  down  the  shaft, 
branching  off  into  the  Tunnel.  This  tube  was  perforated 
with  holes,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  operation  of  the  bel- 
lows extracted  the  impure  or  dead  air  from  the  Tunnel, 
causing  pure  oxygen  to  fill  its  place,  which  in  turn  was  car- 
ried off  by  the  pipe,  when  it  was  consumed  by  the  lungs  of 
the  workmen.  As  the  Tunnel  progressed,  this  pipe  was 
lengthened,  and  thus  a  constant  supply  of  pure  air  was 
obtained. 

Soon  it  became  necessary  to  provide  some  more  rapid 
means  of  transporting  the  earth  from  the  face  of  the  exca- 
vation to  the  shaft.  Rails  were  laid  down,  and  small  cars 
placed  upon  them.  At  the  commencement  these  cars  were 
propelled  to  the  shaft  by  workmen,  where  they  were 
drawn  up,  and  their  contents  discharged.  But  as  the  dis- 
tance increased,  day  by  day,  and  new  lengths  of  rail  were 
added,  other  means  of  locomotion  were  sought.  Much  to 
the  edification  of  the  laborers,  two  small  mules  were  pur- 
chased, which  could  barely  stand  between  the  walls  of  the 
Tunnel  without  rubbing  their  ears.  After  some  little 
schooling,  these  tractable  animals  were  placed  upon  the 
elevator,  and  lowered  into  the  earth.  After  a  little  experi- 
ence and  training,  they  learned  their  work,  andiperformed 
it  well. 

Several  cars  at  a  time  were  now  loaded,  and  the  mules 
attached,  which  drew  them  to  the  shaft.  A  regular  railroad 
time-table  was  prepared,  to  avoid  collisions,  as  it  was  impos- 
sible for  any  person  entering  the  bore  to  pass  the  "  down" 
train,  should  he  be  so  unlucky  as  to  encounter  it  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth.  At  the  shaft,  the  mules  .were  turned 
around,  and  the  train  of  empty  cars  drawn  back.  These 
mules  and  their  long  train  of  cars,  presented  a  very  pictur- 


26 

P.  W.  KRATJSE,  Agent, 

Franklin  Iron  Works 

70,  72,  74  &  76 

West  Washington  Street, 

CORNER  OP  JEFFERSON  STREET, 

CHICAGO,     -     ILLINOIS. 


Single  and  Double  Circular  Saw  Mills, 
Steam  and  Hand  Hoisting  Machines, 

o 

Planing  and  Matching  Machines, 
Surfacers,  Siding  Mills, 

Cord  Wood  Saws,  Steam  Engines, 

And  all  kinds  of  Wood  and  Iron  Machinery. 


27 

esque  appearance,  each  of  them  wearing  a  small  lamp  upon 
his  collar,  which  served  for  the  calcium  light  before  the 
engine.  This  submarine  railroading  will  be  further  spoken 
of  in  another  chapter. 

When  the  Tunnel  had  reached  the  distance  of  one  thou- 
sand feet  from  the  shaft,  a  sort  of  chamber  or  stopping  place 
was  made,  where  the  excavation  was  enlarged,  to  afford  a 
deposit  for  the  material  used,  a  place  to  mix  the  cement, 
turn-tables  for  the  cars,  stables  for  the  mules,  etc.  These 
were  left  at  the  distance  of  one  thousand  feet  apart,  to  be 
bricked  up  when  the  whole  work  was  completed.  The  dis- 
tance was  marked  upon  the  inside  of  the  bore,  as  fast  as  the 
work  progressed  from  the  shaft,  every  five  feet. 


THE  CRIB,  AND  ITS.  SUCCESSFUL  LAUNCH. 

The  "crib,"  as  it  has  been  commonly  called,  was  built 
on  shore,  and  launched,  much  like  the  Great  Eastern  or  any 
other  sea-going  hulk.  It  is  composed  of  huge  timbers  and 
tons  of  iron,  no  expense  being  spared  to  make  it  strong ; 
is  forty  feet  and  a  half  high  and  built  in  pentagonal  form, 
in  a  circumscribed  circle  of  ninety-eight  and  a  half  feet  in 
diameter.  It  was  constructed  with  three  walls — the  outer, 
the  center,  and  the  inner  —  making  it  almost  like  three 
distinct  structures,  one  inside  the  other,  and  all  firmly 
braced  and  bolted  together,  so  as  to  constitute  one  great 
structure.  Each  of  these  walls  was  calked  and  tarred,  like 
the  hulk  of  a  vessel.  They  were  constructed  of  twelve-inch 
square  timber,  the  first  twelve  feet  from  the  top  9f  white  oak 
and  the  remaining  twenty-eight  feet  of  white  pine.  Each 
piece  of  timber  comprising  either  wall  was  firmly  bolted  in 
its  place  with  square  rods  of  iron,  one  and  five-sixteenths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter  and  thirty  inches  long.  The  bottom 
was  composed  of  twelve-inch  timbers,  held  in  place  by  bolts 

Mrs.  J.  Wade,  No.  269  Ontario  street,  says :  I  have  had  in  constant  use  in  my  family,  for 
the  past  ten  years,  a  Grover  &  Baker  sewing  machine,  have  had  made  on  it  the  clothing  for 
my  children,  besides  doing  the  general  sewing  of  a  household.  Its  simplicity  and  durability, 
and  the  beautiful,  strong,  elastic  stitch,  which  never  breaks  in  washing,  and  stands  until  the 
material  itself  is  worn  out,  besides  the  large  range  of  ornamental  embroidery,  place  it  far 
ahead  of  any  other  machine  for  general  household  work.  MBS.  J.  WADE. 


28 


J.  BETTER  &&  CO. 

WHOLESALE    AGENTS, 


FOR  THE  CELEBRATED 


WM.  KNABE  &  CO. 

Empire  Oity  Oo., 

.A..    H.    C^ale    &c   Oo. 

AND  OTHER  FIRST  CLASS 


ALSO,  FOR  THE 


CARHART  &  NEEDHAM, 

Gold  Medal,  Church  and  Parlor 


MANUFACTURERS  AND  IMPORTERS  OF 

Brass  and  German  Silver  Instruments, 

THE   FAMOUS    PAGANINI    STRINGS, 

AND  OTHER  MUSICAL  MERCHANDISE. 

WAKEROOMS: 


OSO    Broad-way, 

NEW  YORK. 


St., 

Crosby's  Opera  House, 

CHICAGO. 


29 

thirty-six  inches  in  length,  passing  through  three  distinct 
layers  of  timber.  The  whole  framework  was  a  combination 
of  massive  timbers  and  irons,  firmly  held  together  by  bars 
and  bolts  and  braced  in  every  direction.  When  finished  it 
contained  fifteen  separate  watertight  compartments.  In  the 
center  was  a  "  well,"  open  at  the  bottom  and  top,  through 
which  the  shaft  was  to  descend  into  the  bottom  of  the  lake. 

Each  angle  of  the  crib  was  provided  with  iron  armor,  to 
protect  it  from  ice  or  any  other  body  borne  upon  the  waves. 
This  covering  was  of  iron  two  and  a  half  inches  thick,  and 
covered  the  structure  two  feet  each  way  from  the  angles, 
and  extended  downwards  from  the  top  twelve  feet.  This 
armor  was  fastened  to  the  outer  wall  of  the  crib  and  the 
adjacent  timbers  by  iron  bolts  thirty  inches  long,  and  to 
the  inner  wall  and  its  timbers  by  round  iron  bolts,  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  diameter  and  thirteen  and  a  half  feet  in  length. 
That  people  may  form  a  correct  idea  of  this  immense 
structure,  and  the  importance  it  possessed  in  the  great  work, 
we  give  a  few  items  of  the  timber  and  iron  used  in  its 
construction.  It  cost  not  far  from  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  before  it  was  moved  from  the  stocks.  Reduced  to 
board  measure,  there  were  used  in  building  it  618,825  feet 
of  lumber,  as  follows : 

538,368  feet  white  pine  timber. 

42,000    "    white  oak  timber. 

20,000    "    two-inch  white  pine  plank. 

18,000    "    two-inch  white  oak  plank. 

Besides  this,  there  were  used  five  hundred  bales  of  oakum 
and  sixty-five  tons  of  iron  bolts. 

This  immense  structure,  almost  as  large  as  the  Chicago 
Court  House,  was  built  like  a  vessel,,  on  the  north  pier,  a 
short  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  river.  On  the  24th 
day  of  July,  1865,  an  immense  concourse  of  people  gathered 
on  the  spot  to  see  it  launched.  So  great  was  the  interest 
felt  in  its  being  successfully  put  in  position,  that  merchants 

CHICAGO,  ILLS.,  November  26, 1866.— Graver  &  Baker  S.  M.  Co.,  Chicago,  Ills.  Gents:  We 
have  used  one  of  your  Family  Sewing  Machines  for  about  ten  years,  and  consider  they 
cannot  be  excelled.  It  runs  smoothly,  was  never  out  of  repair"  and  gives  very  general 
satisfaction.  EDWIN  HUNT,  84  Lake  street. 


SILVER  MEDAL,  .A-W.A-RDED 


TOURTELOT'S 

EXTMCMEEF 

FOR  MAKING  A  DELICIOUS 

BEEF  TEA  OE  SOUP. 


This  celebrated  article  should  be  in  every  household  and  in  the  pos- 
session of  every  traveler,  as  a  most  excellent  soup  or  broth  can  be 
instantly  prepared  by  the  simple  addition  of  boiling  water. 

It  is  put  up  in  neat  packages  of  one  pound,  and  as  it  will  not  dete- 
riorate by  exposure  to  the  air,  can  be  used  at  any  time  after  being  opened, 
without  fear  of  change. 


FOR  SALE  BY  DRUGGISTS  AND  GROCERS, 


Price,  $1.50  per  Package. 
Representing  the  Strength  of  20  pounds  of  Fresh  Beef. 

TOURTELOT  BROTHERS, 

Preserved  Meats,  Game,  Pish,  Soups,  etc., 

P.  O.  Box  2425.  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


Invaluable  to  Travelers  and  Invalids. 


33 

left  their  counting-rooms  and  hurried  to  the  scene.  Thousands 
of  people  were  present,  standing  upon  the  house  tops,  riding 
upon  the  river  in  yawls,  and  seated  in  carriages  upon  the 
banks  and  piers. 

The  launch  was  announced  to  occur,  at  between  nine  and 
ten  o'clock  in  the  morning.  The  day  was  propitious,  scarcely 
a  ripple  breaking  the  surface  of  the  lake.  From  the  summit 
of  the  crib  floated  American  flags,  and  the  hat  of  Colonel 
Gowan  was  occasionally  visible,  as  he  went  to  and  fro,  giving 
orders  to  the  workmen.  The  river  itself  presented  a  lively 
appearance.  Seven  tugboats,  with  flags  flying  and  hundreds 
of  people  on  their  decks,  among  whom  were  Governor  Oglesby, 
of  Illinois,  and  many  other  distinguished  men,  were  waiting 
in  the  harbor  to  tow  the  monster  to  its  place  in  the  lake. 

Shortly  after  ten  o'clock,  the  leviathan  moved,  rode  slowly 
into  the  river,  with  streaming  flags,  and  the  hat  of  Colonel 
Gowan  swinging  over  his  head  from  the  top.  Cannon 
boomed,  hundreds  of  steam  whistles  shrieked,  bells  rang, 
and  thousands  of  throats  cheered  lustily.  When  about  in 
the  middle  of  the  river,  the  mass  left  the  ways  upon  which 
it  rode,  and  rose  upon  the  water  as  gracefully  as  any  craft 
that  ever  was  launched. 

The  tugboats  now  attached  their  hawsers,  and  the  crib 
was  towed  slowly  towards  the  buoys  in  the  lake,  which  had 
been  placed  there  to  mark  its  position,  on  a  direct  line  with 
the  shore  shaft.  These  were  reached  at  two  o'clock,  P.  M., 
and  the  hawsers  cut  loose.  The  gates  of  the  crib  were 
opened  as  soon  as  it  was  got  in  position,  and  it  settled 
majestically  into  the  lake,  where  it  is  ever  more  to  remain, 
a  monument  of  mind  over  matter. 

When  the  crib  was  in  place  it  was  filled  with  stone,  with 
the  exception  of  the  center  compartment,  reserved  for  the 
lake  shaft  to  go  through,  and  cables  were  attached  to 
its  corners,  which  were  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  lake 
by  means  of  Mitchell's  marine  mooring  screws,  never  before 
used  except  in  tunneling  the  Thames.  The  screws  had 
previously  been  imbedded  in  the  bottom  of  the  lake. 

Once  in  its  place,  this  monster  crib  became  an  island  in 
3 


BEECHER'S  PATENT  IMPROVED 


For  Anthracite  and  Bituminous  Coal. 


s  a 


a 


I 
a    , 

- 


For  Warming  Dwellings,  Stores,  Churches,  School  Houses,  Public  Halls,  &c. 

SIX  SIZES,  PORTABLE  AND   BRICK. 

Carpenters'  Cooking  Ranges,  Cooking  and  Parlor  Stoves,  Refri- 
gerators, Water  Filters  &  Coolers,  House  Furnishing  Ooods. 

MANUFACTURED  AND  SOLD  BY 

F.  A.  SLACK,  88  La  Salle  Street, 

West  Side  of  the  Court  House  Square, 
J.  W.  FAT  would  be  pleased  to  nee  hig  friends.  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


35 

the  lake.  When  filled  with  stones  it  was  as  immovable  as 
Gibraltar.  Reaching  down  to  the  clay  bottom,  the  water 
being  about  thirty  feet  deep  at  this  point,  several  feet  of  the 
structure  remained  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  As  winter 
approached,  the  top  of  the  crib  was  covered  by  a  house, 
constructed  with  a  cupola,  where  a  light  and  a  fog  bell  were 
kept  at  night  to  warn  the  mariner  of  his  position,  which  the 
law  now  requires  the  city  authorities  to  constantly  observe. 
Tugboats  plyed  between  the  crib  and  the  city,  carrying 
out  supplies  to  the  workmen  and  conveying  visitors  to  the 
wonderful  island. 

The  next  end  to  be  obtained  was  sinking  the  cylinders  in 
the  crib,  in  order  that  tunneling  could  commence  in  both 
directions.  The  winter  of  '65  was  at  hand.  A  large  quantity 
of  brick  and  mortar  were  taken  out  and  piled  upon  the  crib, 
as  well  as  provisions  for  the  men ;  it  being  anticipated  that 
when  winter  set  in,  the  ice  would  not  permit  of  reaching  the 
crib  for  months  at  a  time. 


THE  LAKE  SHAFT, 


The  "crib"  was  now  in  its  place,  anchored  securely  in 
the  lake,  two  miles  from  the  shore  shaft.  Every  day  the 
workmen  in  the  "bore,"  or  Tunnel  proper,  were  progressing 
towards  it,  slowly  but  surely  overcoming  the  impediments  in 
their  way,  and  gradually  becoming  more  inured  to  their 
close  and  somewhat  dangerous  quarters. 

The  huge  iron  cylinders,  which  were  to  form  the  lake  shaft 
of  the  Tunnel,  were  at  length  got  out  upon  the  crib,  after 
much  vexatious  delay  and  expense  to  the  contractors.  These 
cylinders  are  nine  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  iron  is  two  and 
a  half  inches  thick.  They  were  cast  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in 
nine-feet  sections,  their  immense  weight  rendering  it  other- 

CHICAGO,  ILLS.,  November  24,  1866. — Graver  <&  Baker  S.  M.  (b.,  Chicago,  Ills.  Gents :  I 
have  a  Grover  £  Baker  Sewing  Machine  at  home,  and  I  think  it  especially  valuable  for 
familiy  use,  on  account  of  the  elastic  stitch  and  the  ease  and  rapidity  with  which  it  passes 
from  one  thickness  of  material  to  another.  The  machine  is  simple  in  its  combination  of 
parts  aud  its  practical  operation,  hemming,  tucking  and  cording  in  the  most  perfect  manner. 

MBS.  GEO.  H.  SELLERS. 


36 

wise  impossible  to  move  them.  The  end  of  each  section  was 
provided  with  a  heavy  flange,  through  which  it  could  be 
bolted  to  the  one  below  it,  similarly  constructed.  These 
cylinders  are  seven  in  number,  their  respective  weight  being 
about  eleven  tons.  The  irons  used  in  bolting  them  together 
were  one  and  a  half  inch,  cemented  as  well  as  riveted  in 
their  places. 

These  immense  cylinders  once  placed  upon  the  crib,  the 
next  step  was  to  get  them  in  place  in  the  center  compart- 
ment of  the  structure.  Mr.  Bramhall,  one  of  the  engineers, 
solved  the  problem,  inventing  machinery  and  tackle  for  the 
occasion.  The  cylinders  were  partially  suspended  over  the 
chasm  in  the  crib  by  this  tackle,  then  swung  upon  ways  and 
supports  of  timber,  in  which  manner  they  were  at  last  placed 
in  position  and  firmly  riveted  together.  After  reaching  the 
bottom  of  the  lake,  on  which  the  crib  rested,  being  sunk 
into  the  clay  several  inches  by  its  immense  weight,  these 
cylinders,  or  sections  of  the  shaft,  were  sunk  into  the  ground 
twenty-seven  feet,  in  much  the  same  manner  as  the  shore 
shaft  was  built,  at  which  distance  they  reached  the  required 
depth,  leaving  a  fall  of  two  feet  to  the  mile  in  a  straight 
line  drawn  to  the  bottom  of  the  shore  shaft. 

A  complete  shaft  in  the  lake  was  thus  formed,  by  means  of 
the  crib.  The  drawing  on  the  first  page  shows  it  fully,  and 
should  be  closely  examined. 

The  work  now  resolved  itself  into  simply  this :  An  island 
(the  crib)  is  situated  in  Lake  Michigan,  two  miles  from 
shore,  upon  which  (to  draw  a  homely  illustration  that  all 
will  understand)  are  confined  a  number  of  convicts.  There 
is  no  means  of  their  escape  to  the  city  over  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and  they  resolve  to  go  under  it.  Never  dreaming 
of  this  trick,  the  authorities  have  placed  in  their  hands  picks 
and  spades,  with  which  to  till  the  island  whereon  they  are 
confined  for  life.  The  villains  go  to  work,  dig  a  hole  in  the 
island  until  its  bottom  is  below  the  bottom  of  the  lake,  then 
strike  off  for  the  shore,  which  they  succeed  in  reaching  after 
years  of  toil,  much  to  the  surprise  of  everybody.  This  is 
the  plan  of  the  Tunnel,  the  crib  forming  an  artificial  island 


37 

where  the  water  is  to  enter,  and  pass  to  the  shore,  free  from 
the  impurities  of  the  river  or  the  city  sewers. 

Winter  was  now  rapidly  approaching  and  threatening  to 
lock  the  lake  and  river  in  icy  armor.  Consequently,  every 
means  of  getting  winter  supplies  to  the  crib  before  the 
river  should  freeze  up,  and  stop  the  running  of  the  tugs,  was 
resorted  to.  A  large  supply  of  brick,  cement  and  other 
material  used  in  making  the  Tunnel,  was  taken  out  and 
stored  in  the  building  upon  the  crib.  It  being  anticipated 
that  months  might  elapse  before  the  miners  could  communi- 
cate with  the  shore,  a  commissary  department  was  thought 
necessary,  and  all  kinds  of  provisions  were  likewise  trans- 
ported to  the  crib,  in  sufficient  quantities  to  satisfy  the  hunger 
of  a  large  number  of  laborers  for  some  length  of  time. 
The  services  of  a  cook  were  also  procured,  a  kitchen 
commissariat  fitted  up,  and  everything  put  in  complete 
order  for  the  winter  campaign  under  the  lake. 

A  visit  to  the  crib  just  before  the  harbor  froze  over, 
proved  interesting  in  the  extreme.  The  party  was  composed 
of  aldermen  Denio  and  Marsh,  of  Boston,  Mr.  J.  B.  Stearns, 
superintendent  of  the  Boston  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph,  and 
several  members  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and  Chicago 
citizens.  Within  this  "  castle  at  sea"  everything  presented 
the  appearance  of  the  interior  of  a  well  regulated  building 
on  shore,  while  just  without  the  waves  of  an  angry  lake 
were  beating  with  remorseless  fury,  but  which  were  not  able 
to  even  stir  the  monster  artificial  island.  The  steam  engine 
was  at  work  moving  heavy  stones  and  timbers  into  position, 
workmen  were  hollowing  "heave!  ho,  heave!"  and  the  dismal 
creak  of  powerful  pulleys  and  levers  told  that  a  great  work 
was  in  progress.  The  Bostonians  asked  many  questions,  all 
of  which  were  carefully  answered  by  Col.  Gowan.  They 
expressed  many  doubts  as  to  the  two  sections  of  the  Tunnel 
meeting,  but  were  assured  that  they  would  do  so  to  within 
an  inch. 

CHIOACK),  ILLS.,  November  24, 1866.— Graver  &  Baker  S.  M.  Co.  Gents :  Being  practical 
machinists  and  repairers,  all  kinds  of  machines  have  come  under  our  notice  for  repairs. 
Our  choice  for  family  purposes  would  be  the  Qrover  &  Baker  Elastic.  It  is  easily  understood 
and  has  the  advantage  of  sewing  direct  from  common  spools — a  great  saving  of  time,  and 
convenience  in  a  family.  SCOTCHMER  &  SMITH. 


38 


J,  M,  BRUNSWICK  &  BRO'S, 


MANUFACTURERS, 

Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealers  in 

Billiard  Cloths  and  Balls,  French  Chalk, 

Cue  Tips,  Cue  Cement,  Plain 

and  Fancy  Cues, 

AND   OTHER   MATERIALS    BELONGING    TO   THE    TRADE. 


Office  and  Salesroom,  No,  72  Randolph  Street,    Manufactory, 
Nos,  74,  76  and  78  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III, 

(P.  O.  Box,  5994.) 

Tables  supplied  with  J.  M.  Brunswick's  Patent  Combi- 
nation Cushions  at  short  notice. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


41 

There  was  something  strikingly  romantic  in  the  scene, 
which  will  never  be  obliterated  from  the  minds  of  those 
present  at  that  time.  Fifty  workmen  living  an  entire  winter 
in  a  castle  built  in  the  lake,  two  miles  from  shore — a  little 
world  within  a  world.  The  storms  and  tempests  of  a  large 
body  of  water  beating  around  them  in  every  direction,  and 
they  busy  digging  deeper  and  farther  beneath  the  lake,  as 
if  burrowing  out  of  a  prison  fortress. 

The  lake  shaft  being  ready,  tunneling  was  commenced 
from  the  bottom  towards  the  shore,  on  the  first  day  of  the 
New  Year,  1866.  The  first  brick  at  the  crib  end  was  laid 
on  the  22d  day  of  December,  1865.  At  that  time  the  shore 
shaft  had  reached  the  length  of  4,815  feet.  The  earth 
removed  from  the  face  of  the  Tunnel  was  carried  up  the 
shaft  and  dumped  into  the  lake,  and  as  it  progressed  similar 
appliances  to  the  furtherance  of  the  work  were  used  to 
those  already  described  at  the  shore  shaft. 

Leaving  the  two  mining  parties  under  the  lake,  slowly 
approaching  each  other,  guided  by  skillful  engineering,  we 
deviate  from  the  bare  detail  of  operations,  go  back  a  little, 
and  narrate  the  particulars  of  several  visits  to  the  shore 
shaft. 

GEN.  GRANT'S  PARTY  VISIT  THE  TUNNEL. 


Early  in  July,  1865,  Gen.  Grant  and  suite  arrived  in 
Chicago,  and  were  entertained  for  several  days  by  the 
citizens,  making  the  Tremont  House  their  headquarters. 
Being  invited  to  visit  the  Tunnel,  an  hour  was  fixed  upon 
for  their  reception  at  the  "big  bore,"  which  had  then 
progressed  several  thousand  feet  from  the  shore. 

Whenever  a  person  went  into  the  Tunnel,  he  was  obliged 
to  prepare  for  the  work  before  him.  Col.  Gowan  kept  on  hand 
a  large  variety  of  tunnel  costumes,  of  the  most  elegant  sub- 
terranean designs.  He  marched  the  visitors  to  the  clothing 
room,  which  consisted  of  a  large  chest  in  his  office,  and 
showing  them  the  collection,  bade  them  make  choice  of  their 
apparel,  stipulating  that  however  fascinated  they  might 


42 

become  with  its  fit,  and  their  own  figure  when  attired,  they 
must  on  no  account  wear  away  a  single  article,  nor  take  a 
shred  home  with  them  as  a  relic  of  their  visit.  This  being 
arranged,  the  major  generals  were  first  given  their  choice  of 
garments.  Gen.  Ord,  who  is  a  tall  six-footer  and  rather  slim, 
picked  out  a  corduroy  jacket,  which  came  down  as  far  as  his 
hips,  and  there  paused.  It  sat  admirably,  the  sleeves  being 
a  little  shorter  than  his  arms,  which  Col.  Gowan  assured  him 
was  all  the  rage,  Napoleon  having  worn  a  similar  coat  on  a 
recent  visit  to  the  great  Mont  Cenis  tunnel  under  the  Alps. 
Quite  Napoleonic  looked  the  general  when  attired,  and  he 
was  cheered  for  his  success  in  tunnel  drapery.  Next  his 
military  hat  went  by  the  board,  and  a  cliapeau  of  a  very 
slouchy  appearance  took  its  place.  Rolling  up  his  trowsers  he 
declared  himself  ready  for  a  visit  to  China,  or  anywhere  else. 

Gen.  Wilcox  next  fixed  up,  in  a  very  long  coat,  being  a 
moderately  short  man.  This  was  a  .satinet  garment,  very 
threadbare  from  long  aquaintance  with  the  Tunnel,  and  longer 
with  the  world.  The  general  looked  like  farmer  Slocum  just 
come  to  town  with  a  load  of  vegetables.  A  palm  leaf  hat 
sat  jauntily  on  his  caput,  giving  him  a  decided  Yankee  air. 
Gen.  Williams  borrowed  a  coat  from  -a  miner,  because  he 
thought  the  coat  might  know  more  about  the  Tunnel  than  any 
other,  and  he  would  be  less  likely  to  go  astray  from  the  rest 
of  the  party.  A  dilapidated  tile  finished  his  outfit,  and  he 
stood  before  the  admiring  spectators  a  veritable  tunnel 
miner. 

Superintendent  Rice,  of  the  Michigan  Central  railroad, 
got  on  a  very  narrow  little  cap,  something  on  the  clerical 
style.  The  coat  he  wore  was  once  broadcloth,  but  that  was 
before  Chicago  was  a  city.  When  it  was  cut  there  was  not 
a  railroad  in  Illinois ;  hence  the  very  grotesque  appearance 
of  a  railroad  man  in  such  a  garment. 

Our  machinist  and  foreman  have  both  thoroughly  examined  and  tested  your  No.  1  machines 
on  different  material,  from  the  heaviest  harness  leather  and  finest  broadcloth  and  muslin  to 
the  thinnest  tissue  paper,  without  altering  the  tension,  and  we  find  it  makes  a  perfect  stitch 
on  all  materials.  WILLIAM  LOCK,  Merchant  Tailor  and  Manufacturer, 

July  18, 1866.  121  Lake  street,  Chicago,  111. 

CHICAGO,  ILLS.,  November  24,  1866.— Graver  A  Biker  S.  M.  Co.  Gents:  AVe  have  had 
considerable  work  done  upon  your  No.  1  manufacturing  machine,  and  for  beauty  of  work- 
manship and  durability  it  cannot  be  beat.  You  can  count  me  in  for  your  No.  1  all  the  time. 
DOUGLAS  ELY,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  General  Commissioner. 


43 

The  remaining  members  of  the  party  attired  themselves  in 
whatever  was  at  hand,  some  turning  their  coats  inside  out 
and  tying  handkerchiefs  over  their  heads. 

Col.  Gowan  had  prepared  three  earth  cars  for  the  voyage 
under  the  lake.  These  vehicles  were  about  three  feet  long 
and  two  feet  wide,  and,  when  used  for  carrying  passengers, 
were  expected  to  hold  four  persons.  On  this  occasion 
they  were  upholstered  with  blankets  and  buffalo  robes, 
and  were  quite  comfortable  to  travel  in. 

The  cars  were  brought  forward,  placed  upon  the  elevator, 
and  four  persons  got  into  each  one.  At  last  as  they  were 
filled  they  descended  into  the  shaft;  the  explorers  bidding 
adieu  to  those  behind  as  their  heads  went  down  out  of  sight. 
When  the  cars  were  lowered  to  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  they 
were  rolled  off  into  the  Tunnel  proper,  as  they  came  down, 
and  coupled  to  each  other,  like  a  railway  train,  on  a  genuine 
track  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  bore.  When  every- 
thing was  in  readiness,  or,  as  Superintendent  Rice  said,  when 
the  train  was  made  up,  a  diminutive  mule  was  attached,  and 
a  miner  with  a  little  lamp  on  his  hat  drew  rein  over  him,  gave 
a  shrill  whistle,  and  the  train  moved  off  into  the  subterranean 
darkness. 

"Now  we  are  under  lake  Michigan,"  said  Col.  Gowan, 
and  the  mule  was  given  the  whip.  Off  went  the  cars  at  a 
breakneck  speed;  into  the  darkness,  into  the  bowels  of 
mother  earth,  under  the  waters  of  the  lake.  The  rapid 
motion  caused  a  current  of  air,  which  relieved  the  damp 
sensations  of  the  place. 

After  a  journey  of  fifteen  minutes,  through  a  straight 
dark  road,  at  a  cantrring  speed,  the  train  emerged  into  the 
last  chamber,  which  was  lighted  by  innumerable  little  lamps. 
The  miners  looked  bewildered  at  the  strange  advent,  and 
laughed  outright  as  the  parties  stepped  from  the  cars,  and 
shook  themselves.  Col.  Gowan  announced  that  they  had  about 
four  hundred  feet  further  to  traverse  on  foot,  before  they  got 
to  the  extreme  end  of  the  Tunnel.  Taking  a  lamp,  he  led  the 
way.  The  long  men  in  the  party  doubled  themselves  up  and 
followed,  and  the  short  men  bent  their  heads  very  low. 


44 


LARGEST  WEST  OF  NEW  YORK. 


IHOA  MM  JO  ram 


45 

"Tramp,  tramp,  tramp,"  until  backs  and  legs  ached,  and  at 
length  the  extreme  end  of  the  Tunnel  was  reached.  About 
twelve  feet  was  dug  into  the  solid  clay,  and  the  miners,  who 
stood  about  the  weird  place  like  so  many  specters,  were 
engaged  in  bricklaying  and  cementing.  Colonel  Gowan 
announced  that  the  party  were  then  3,400  feet  from  shore, 
under  lake  Michigan.  Bits  of  the  clay  were  pocketed  as 
trophies,  and  the  party  retraced  their  steps. 

The  cars  were  re-entered  at  the  first  chamber,  where  the 
party  left  them,  and  off  went  the  train  in  the  direction  of  the 
shaft,  at  the  rate  of  2.40  per  mile.  The  mule,  which  wore 
no  breeching  or  back  strap,  suddenly  paused,  when  the  train 
was  at  its  greatest  speed.  The  cars  ran  upon  the  animal's 
heels,  and  those  in  the  forward  car  had  the  pleasure  of  receiv- 
ing him  into  their  laps,  nearly  frighened  out  of  his  mulish 
wits.  Col.  Gowan,  the  conductor  of  the  train,  got  out,  and 
went  ahead  to  see  what  had  frightened  the  "locomotive."  A 
shout  told  the  party  that  some  joke  was  in  store  for  them. 
He  returned  to  the  cars  with  Senator  Chandler's  hat,  which 
had  been  blown  off  and  left  on  the  track  during  the  outward 
voyage.  The  mule  was  not  used  to  such  a  strange  sight,  and 
nearly  caused  an  accident  to  the  passengers. 

The  party  soon  emerged  into  the  light  of  open  day,  and, 
congratulating  each  other  on  the  success  of  the  trip,  disrobed 
and  put  on  their  usual  habiliments.  After  shaking  hands 
with  and  thanking  Col.  Gowan  for  his  kindness,  they  got 
into  their  carriages  and  drove  back  to  the  Tremont  House, 
well  satisfied  with  their  trip  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and 
under  lake  Michigan. 

BOSTONIANS  VISIT  THE  "BIG  BOBE." 


A  few  weeks  after  the  above  excursion,  Chicago  had  the 
honor  of  entertaining  a  delegation  of  aldermen  and  other 
city  officials  from  the  "hub."  Of  course  they  must  see  the 

For  eight  years  I  have  used  Grover  &  Baker's  Sewing  Machine  in  my  business,  and  always 
with  perfect  satisfaction  to  my  customers.  Its  work  never  ripped.  Never  puckered.  It 
never  skips  stitches,  never  is  out  of  order,  always  ready  to  sew  the  thickest  beaver  cloth,  the 
thinnest  gauze  silk,  the  hardest  buckram,  or  embroider  with  silk,  cotton  or  worsted.  I  have 
used  other  machines,  but  none  suits  my  business  like  the  Grover  &  Baker. 

MRS.  0.  D.  CARPENTER,  Dress  and  Cloak-maker,  133  Lake  street. 


46 


R.  T.  CRANE,  President. 


C.  S.  CRANK,  Vice-President. 


NORTH-WESTERN  MANURING  CO. 


NORTH    WESTERN   MANUFACTURING    CO 


MANUFACTURERS    OF 


First-Class  Steam  Engines 

STEAI  PUMPS  AND  GENERAL  MACHINERY, 

Brass  and  Iron  Goods  for  Steam  and  Gas  Filters 


ZBTTIIDIDIEDRS. 


Also,  Manufacturers  of 


WROUGHT  IRON  PIPE,  MALLEABLE  IRON  CASTINGS,  ETC. 

Steam  Work  Erected  for  Warming  all  kinds  of  Buildings. 
Jefferson  Street,  bet.  Lake  and  Randolph, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


47 

Tunnel,  -and  a  journey  under  the  lake  was  put  upon  the  pro 
gramme,  especially  as  the  guests  all   requested   it,  saying 
that  it  was  one  of  the  principal  things  they  had  come  to  sec. 
The  party  were  the  same  that  visited  the  crib,  in  a  former 
chapter. 

The  first  step  previous  to  the  descent  was  examining  the 
hoisting  machinery,  and  the  apparatus  by  means  pf  which 
the  air  in  the  Tunnel  was  kept  pure.  Everything  was  fully 
explained  by  Col.  Gowan,  who  took  pains  to  carefully  eluci- 
date every  point  and  answer  every  question.  The  machinery 
was  beautiful  in  th,e  extreme,  the  hoisting  machine  being 
almost  noiseless  in  its  revolution,  and  perfectly  under  the 
control  of  the  engineer.  It  was  so  arranged  that  in  case  of 
an  accident  it  could  be  stopped  in  an  instant,  midway  of  the 
descent.  The  immense  bellows  which  created  a  current  of 
pure  air  in  the  Tunnel,  was  also  examined,  as  a  point  of 
especial  interest. 

The  next  thing  was  to  get  ready  for  the  descent.  Alder- 
manic  broadcloth,  fresh  and  glossy  from  the  looms  of  Lowell, 
could  never  survive  contact  with  the  clay  of  lake  Michigan. 
Col.  Gowan  again  drew  on  his  wardrobe,  and  produced  several 
complete  suits  of  exploring  garments. 

"Hoist  away,"  cried  the  man  in  charge  of  the  elevator  at 
the  shaft,  and  the  next  moment  Aldermen  Marsh  and  Denio, 
and  a  miner  with  a  little  lamp  upon  his  cap,  were  rapidly 
descending  the  shaft.  Those  left  on  terra  firma  gathered 
around  the  opening  in  the  earth,  and  gazed  after  the  glim- 
mering light  as  it  slowly  went  down  into  the  bowels  of  mother 
earth;  for  the  lake  roared  and  tossed  half  a  rod  away,  and 
those  accompanying  the  taper  were  going  beneath  its  waves 
and  foam.  Forsaking  the  sublime  for  the  ridiculous,  a  wicked 
fellow  above  remarked  that  it  was  an  awful  lowering  of 
aldermanic  dignity,  which  provoked  a  laugh  that  rang  out 
clear  upon  the  night  air.  Luckily  for  his  head  the  members 
of  the  Boston  city  government  were  out  of  hearing. 

Depositing  its  passengers  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  the 
elevator  was  drawn  up,  and  the  lesser  lights  of  the  party 
began  the  descent.  Once  upon  the  bottom  of  the  shaft, 


48 

JAMES  HENDRICK.  GEO.  P.  TREADWAY. 

HENDRICK,  TREADWAY  &  CO,, 


GENERAL 


INSURANCE  AGENTS, 

No.  3  Chamber  of  Commerce, 

CHICAGO,  -  -  ILLINOIS, 

Representing  the  following  First-Class  Eastern  Companies: 

MERCANTILE  MUTUAL,  (Marine,) 


OB1    NE\V    YORK, 

CAPITAL,       -  $1,500,000. 


OF1    -AJLiBAJSTY,   N.   Y., 

CAPITAL,        -  $500,000. 


OH1    NEW 

CAPITAL,  $300,000. 


CAPITAL,        -        -        -       $300,000. 
| 

ATLANTIC   MUTUAL,  (Life,) 

*~fcTTt       A  T  "d  A  "T^T"X7"       "TKI       "V^" 
V-J-I?       -A.  I  A  U^LJ-N    Jt  9    J-\  «       JL  •> 

CAPITAL,        -       -        -        $200,000. 


49 

which  is  eighty-nine  feet  in  depth,  the  Turfnel  proper  was 
seen  branching  off  under  the  lake  like  a  long  tube.  In  the 
little  chamber  where  the  expectant  party  was  standing,  was 
noticed  a  train  of  three  small  cars,  which  had  been  prepared 
to  convey  them  out  under  the  lake. 

A  diminutive  mule  was  attached  to  this  train,  and  the 
gentlemen  seated  themselves  like  Turks  upon  their  curled-up 
legs  in  the  bottom  of  the  cars.  One  man  in  each  car  was 
given  a  small  lamp,  and  one  was  hung  upon  the  mule's  collar. 
The  driver's  whip  was  applied  vigorously,  and  away  went 
the  train,  aldermen  and  all,  under  lake  Michigan.  The 
Tunnel  is  five  feet  in  diameter,  a  perfect  cylinder,  and  just 
large  enough  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  the  cars.  Whoever 
raised  his  head  above  the  sideboards  would  be  sure  to  lose 
his  hat,  and  a  portion  of  his  scalp. 

Along  the  Tunnel  ran  a  pipe,  something  like  a  stove  pipe, 
through  which  the  bad  air  was  extracted  from  the  extreme 
end.  As  the  work  progressed,  this  pipe  was  extended.  The 
only  caution  necessary  on  the  railroad  excursion  under  the 
lake,  was  to  keep  one's  head  clear  of  the  pipe,  which  all 
succeeded  in  doing.  Every  thousand  feet  the  travelers 
arrived  at  a  chamber,  where  the  miners  mixed  their  cement 
and  mortar,  and  where  cars  were  turned  around  on  turn- 
tables. As  you  went  down  into  the  bore,  or  further  out,  the 
number  of  feet  you  had  progressed  under  the  lake  was  marked 
upon  the  masonry  in  plain  figures. 

The  cars  could  go  no  further  than  the  last  chamber,  and 
the  party  alighted.  Here  they  found  men  engaged  in  mixing 
mortar  and  cement,  by  the  light  of  little  lamps  hung  upon 
sticks  stuck  in  the  clay.  Two  hundred  feet  yet  remained  to 
b?  traversed  before  the  extreme  end  could  be  reached.  The 
niitier  who  conducted  the  party  led  the  way  with  a  lamp, 
anu  the  several  gentlemen  followed  on  foot.  Men  of  ordinary 

We  have  used  the  Grover  &  Baker  Sewing  Machine  in  the  Home  of  the  Friendless  for  many 
years.  It  has  done  excellent  service,  and  has  been  an  invaluable  assistant  in  the  making 
and  repairing  of  the  hundreds  of  garments  here,  and  remains  a  monument  of  excellent  work 
done.  MRS.  J.  GRANT,  Matron  of  the  Home  of  the  Friendless. 

CHICAQ;),  November  26,1866. — Messrs.  Graver  d-  Baker:  I  have  used  a  firover  &  Baksr 
Family  Sewing  Machine  almost  every  day  for  the  last  six  years,  and  during  that  time  it  has 
satisfied  me  in  every  respect.  It  does  excellent  work,  both  light  and  heavy,  is  easily  kept 
in  order,  and  costs  nothing  for  repairs.  MBS.  L.  C.  P.  FREER,  247  Michigan  Avenue. 


50 


MICHIGAN  SOUTHERN 


•f    its'1  •    "<          •"/-  ,  '{ 

—•-.--**  js 


AND  NORTHERN  INDIANA  RAILROAD  LINE, 

With  Its  connections,  the  most  reliable  route  to  all  points  In  the  Eastern  States  &  Canada*. 

FOUR   TRAINS   LEAVE  CHICAGO   DAILY, 

from  the  New  and  Magnificent  Passenger  Station,  (the  finest  in  America,)  on 

VAN  BTIRBN,   QRI8WOLD    AND    SHERMAN    STREETS. 

Connecting  at  Toledo  with  trains  on  Cleveland  &  Toledo  and  Dayton  &  Michigan  Railroads. 
Connecting  at  Detroit  with  trains  on  Great  Western  and  Qrand  Trunk  Railways. 
Connecting  at  Clyde  and  Monroeville   with  trains  for  all  points  in  central  and  southern  Ohio, 

Wheeling,  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
Connecting  at  Cleveland  with  Lake   Shore  to  Buffalo,  Atlantic  &  Great  Western  to  New  York, 

Cleveland  &  Pittsburg  R.  R.  for  Wheeling,  Pittsburg,  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 

Washington,  etc. 

Connecting  at  Dunkirk  with  Erie  Railway. 

Connecting  at  Buffalo  with  New  York  Central  and  Erie  Railroads  for  all  points  in  New  York  and 
•  the  New  England  States. 

The  Michigan  Southern  Road 

Is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  all  its  appointments  of  any  road  in  the  Western  country,  and  for 
speed,  safety  and  comfort  is  not  excelled  by  any  Railway  in  the  United  States. 


The  famous   "RED    LINE,"    running    Freight  Cars   without   change 
from  Chicago  to  the  seaboard. 

ALSO,  THE  "SOUTH  SHOEE  LINE"  EUN  EXCLUSIVELY  OVEE  THIS  EOAD. 

COMMODIOUS  SLEEPING  CARS, 

With  all  modern  improvements  for  comfort,  accompany  all  night  trains,  running  between  Chicago, 
Toledo  and  Detroit,  and  Chicago  and  Cleveland,  without  change. 

ONLY  ONE  CHANGE  OF  CARS  BETWEEN  CHICAGO  AND  BUFFALO! 

Jfg-  For  Tickets  or  information  apply  at  the  Company's  office,  No.  56  Clark  Street. 

OFFICERS: 

E.  B.  PHILTjIPS,  President,  No.  1  Garrett  Block,  Chicago. 

C.  !<\  HATCH,  Gen'l  Superintendent,  Toledo,  Ohio. 

C.   PAINE,    Chief  Engineer,    No.   3    Garrett  Block,   Chicago. 

C.  M.  GRAY,  Corn'l  Freight  Agent,  No.  56  Clark  St.,  Chicago. 

S.  C.  HOUGH,   AVest'n  Pass.  Agent,          " 

C.  P.  ICELAND,  Gen'l  Passenger  Agent,  Toledo,  Ohio. 


51 

* 

statute  were  obliged  to  stoop  almost  double,  so  the  last  part 
of  the  journey  was  where  the  romance  came  in.  At  length 
the  extreme  end  was  reached — nearly  a  mile  from  the  shaft. 

Here  all  was  busy  labor.  The  sharp  click  of  the  trowel, 
and  the  dull  sound  of  the  miner's  pick  as  it  was  buried  into 
the  compact  clay,  met  the  ear.  The  smoke  from  a  dozen 
fluid  lamps  floated  off  into  the  long,  tube-like  bore,  casting 
weird  shadows  over  the  scene.  Clambering  over  a  pile  of 
clay,  awaiting  transportation  to  the  shaft  by  the  next  train, 
the  party  reached  the  miners.  Here  two  stalwart  men,  with 
breasts  bared  and  brawny  muscles  uncovered,  were  striking 
herculean  blows  against  the  earth  before  them,  which  yielded 
reluctantly,  and  crumbled.  The  air  here  was  extremely  bad, 
caused  by  the  number  of  persons  breathing  it  and  the  smoke 
from  the  lamps.  The  miners  looked  like  -grim  specters,  as 
they  plied  pick  and  spade  and  trowel.  For  a  few  moments 
the  visitors  gazed  awe-struck  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the 
subterranean  world.  One  miner  said  that  he  had  been  there 
every  day  for  nearly  two  years ;  and  so  his  sallow  counte- 
nance, and  sunken,  almost  unearthly  face  indicated. 

In  the  excavating  process  jets  of  gas  were  frequently 
struck,  which  delayed  the  work,  and  were  difficult  to  surmount. 
One  week  several  such  jets  were  encountered,  and  much 
delay  occasioned.  The  miners  could  always  tell  by  the 
sound  of  their  picks  when  such  a  jet  was  being  approached. 
When  within  a  few  feet  of  it  they  bored  through  the  clay 
with  an  auger,  and  when  the  jet  was  reached,  one  miner 
pulled  the  instrument  out,  and  another  lit  the  jet  with  his  lamp. 
In  this  manner  a  natural  gas  light  was  produced,  sometimes 
lasting  several  hours.  When  the  gas  was  encountered  in 
large  quantities  it  drove  the  workmen  from  the  Tunnel.  To 
avoid  accidents  when  working  new  gas  jets  a  safety  lantern 
was  used.  Few  stones  were  met  with.  When  found  at  all, 
they  did  not  seem  to  lie  in  any  geological  order,  or  range  in 
any  particular  direction,  or  strata,  but  lay  in  groups  of  four 
or  five,  as  if  thrown  together  by  the  action  of  the  waves  at 
some  remote  period.  When  granite  was  found,  it  appeared 
polished,  as  if  having  been  under  the  same  influence. 


52 


GREENLEE  BROS.  &  CO., 

Machinery  Depot. 


52  Dearborn  Street, 


FOR, 

Erie  City  Iron  Works,  Bradley' s  Double  Cylinder  Engines, 

Superior  Engines  and  Boilers,  Richardson,  Mer- 

iani  &  Co.'s  Worcester  and,  other  Wood 

Working  Machinery, 

IRON  LATHES,  PLANERS,  SAW  MILLS,  SHINGLE  MACHINES, 

Steam  Pumps;  Paper,  Pail,   Barrel  and  Woolen   Machinery,  Saws, 

Belting  and  Extra  Lace  Leather,  Files,  Gas  Pipe 

Saw  Sets  and  Cummers. 

RAILWAY;  MACHINISTS',  SAW  AND  PLANING  MILL  SUPPLIES. 


PATENT  COMBINED  CHAMBER  SET. 

Combined  in  this  ornamental  piece  of  Furniture  is  a 

BEDSTEAD, 

With  Bed  and  Bedding; 
TABLE, 

Large  enough  for  four  or  five  persona  to  be  seated ; 

SINK, 

Containing  Washbowl  and  Pitcher,  Mirror  and  Toilet,  six  good  Draw- 
ers, Small  Closet  for  Pail,  Boots,  Shoes,  &c.,  Ac.  All  contained  in 
one  handsome  piece  of  Furniture  when  folded  together. 

The  proprietor  would  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  public 
to  this  combined 

CHAMBER    SET, 

for  which  a  patent  has  been  obtained,  it  being  an  article  of  Furni- 
ture which  has  been  much  needed  in  cities  and  large  places,  where 
rent  is  high  and  families  have  but  little  room — as  it  can  be  used 
In  the  Parlor,  Sitting-room  or  Office^ — and  occupy  them  for  sleeping  rooms.  We  would 
especially  call  the  attention  of  proprietors  of  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  as  they  can  accom- 
modate more  boarders  by  putting  them  into  their  rooms  which  are  now  used  as  sitting 
rooms  only. 

01ST    EXHIBITION    -A.ND    FOR    SALE    AT 

Rebanks  &  Johnson's  Large  Furniture  Store, 

ISO    and   152    State    St. 

for  State,  County  and  City  Rights,  apply  to  J.  L.  LINCOLN,  160  and  152  State  Street, 

CHICAGO,   ILL. 
Please  call  and  see  it. 


.    53 

The  Boston  men  evinced  a  desire  to  lay  a  brick  in  the 
great  Chicago  Lake  Tunnel,  thereby  immortalizing  them- 
selves, and,  more  particularly,  that  they  might  tell  of  what 
they  had  done.  So  an  obliging  miner  arranged  the  cement, 
and  the  aldermen  each  deposited  a  brick,  leaving  a  greenback 
in  the  itching  palm  of  the  accommodating  but  greedy  work- 
man. Bits  of  the  clay  were  carefully  picked  up  and 
pocketed  as  souvenirs,  and  the  tired  party  of  explorers 
retraced  their  steps. 

Returning  to  the  first  chamber,  the  party  re-embarked  on 
the  cars,  and  were  soon  at  the  shaft.  The  elevator  placed 
them  upon  terra  firma  in  a  few  moments  afterwards,  all  safe 
and  sound.  On  examining  watches,  it  was  found  they  had 
spent  an  hour  and  a  half  in  the  Tunnel. 


SIR  MORTON  PETO  AT  THE  TUNNEL. 


When  Sir  Morton  Peto  and  party  visited  Chicago,  the 
lake  Tunnel  was  one  of  the  first  sights  they  requested  to 
see.  After  a  drive  through  the  city,  these  distinguished 
foreigners  were  taken  to  the  Water  Works,  where,  unfortu- 
nately, they  did  not  find  Col.  Gowan.  The  superintendent 
would  not  consent  to  the  party  entering  the  cars  and  going 
out  where  the  miners  were  at  work,  as  he  stated  that  an 
earth  train  was  then  about  leaving  the  face  of  the  Tunnel, 
and  the  party  would  be  sure  to  encounter  it.  He,  however, 
did  all  in  his  power  to  explain  the  work  to  the  visitors. 
They  were  lowered  to  the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  each  one 
being  provided  with  a  small  lamp,  to  enable  him  to  examine 
more  closely  the  masonry  and  note  the  dimensions  of  the 
bore.  Sir  Morton  evinced  the  greatest  interest  in  the  work. 
Taking  a  lamp  he  ran  off  into  the  Tunnel  until  quite  beyond 
the  hearing  of  the  remainder  of  the  party,  seemingly  desirous 

FROM  MRS  J.  C.  BAT,  21  WASHINGTON  STREET,  CHICAGO.— Graver  &  Baker  £  M.  Co.  Gents: 
I  have  owned  and  used  constantly  in  my  family,  for  the  past  fourteen  years,  one  of  your 
Family  Sewing  Machines.  I  feel  that  I  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  its  usefulness.  It  haa 
never  failed  me  during  all  these  years.  The  work  that  it  has  done  could  not  possibly  be 
more  durable  or  beautiful.  I  have  many  friends  who  join  me  in  recommending  your  machine* 
to  all  wanting  a  practical,  simple  and  durable  sewing  machine. 


54 

JOHIV    B. 

No.  1OO  Madison  Street, 
WHOLESALE    DEALER   IN 

FURNITURE  AND  CHAIRS, 

IN  THE  WHITE  AND  KNOCK  DOWN, 

S   OHE^JP  FIGH 

A3  ANY  HO  USE  IN  THE  WEST. 


COUHTBY  AND  CITY  OBDERS  PROMPTLY  ATTENDED  TO! 


MATTRESSES   AND   LOUNGES 

Of  every  description,  at  wholesale  and  retail. 


LOOKING  GLASS  PLATES 

AT    WHOLESALE. 


PARTICULAR  ATTENTION  GIVEN  TO  UPHOLSTERING. 


CHAIRS  IN  THE  WHITE  AND  KNOCK  DOWN. 


No,  100  Madison  Street,  three  doors  west  of  Dearborn. 

MANUFACTORY,  220  NORTH  CLARK  STREET. 


55 

of  seeing  all  that  was  to  be  seen.  He  expressed  an  earnest 
wish  to  go  to  the  further  end  and  witness  the  work  in 
progress,  but  was  told  that  it  was  nearly  a  mile  there,  and 
reminded  that  the  "down  train"  was  almost  due.  The 
Englishmen  took  full  notes  of  the  work  in  their  diaries,  and 
carried  across  the  Atlantic  with  them  more  knowledge  of 
the  lake  Tunnel  than  is  possessed  to  this  day  by  half  the 
people  of  Chicago. 

It  was  intensely  gratifying  to  see  these  far-sighted  Eng- 
lishmen, with  ideas  enlarged  by  the  most  liberal  travel, 
taking  so  much  interest  in  the  Tunnel.  Sir  Morton  did  not 
hesitate  to  pronounce  it  a  greater  work  than  the  tunneling 
of  the  river  Thames,  yet  that  required  the  work  of  half  a 
century,  and  was  several  times  entirely  abandoned  before 
being  brought  to  completion.  It  could  not  even  be  com- 
pared to  tunneling  under  the  river  at  Washington  street,  for 
the  passage  of  street  cars  and  other  vehicles,  now  likewise 
in  progress. 

•?• 

SCENES  AND  INCIDENTS'  IN  THE  TUNNEL. 


It  can  easily  be  imagined  that  while  the  miners  worked 
day  and  night,  week  after  week,  month  after  month,  year 
after  year,  down  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  directly  under 
a  large  and  ever  restless  body  of  water,  that  scenes  and 
incidents  occurred  which  would  interest  the  world  above 
ground,  could  they  all  be  related  with  any  sort  of  accuracy 
or  coloring  that  would  do  them  justice. 

One  of  the  miners  once  stated  to  the  writer  that  none  of 
them  were  ever  entirely  without  fear.  Their  situation,  the 
terrible  darkness  which  always  surrounded  them,  the  weird 
shadows  of  the  place,  the  impossibility  of  escape  should  the 
earth  cave  or  a  crevice  be  opened  with  the  lake,  which  would 
instantly  submerge  them — all  these  never  left  their  minds. 
The  superstitious  were  easily  able  to  conjure  up  all  kinds  of 
infernal  demons  in  the  narrow  passage  they  left  between 
themselves  and  the  outside  world  as  they  advanced,  and  many 


56 


BURNHAMS  &  VAN  SCHAACK, 


Wholesale  Drug  Warehouse! 

DEPOT  FOR 

DR.  MARSBEBTS 

STANDARD  PREPARATIONS! 


PECTORAL  BALITI, 

CAl.IS.VYA  TONIC, 


CARMINATIVE  SYRirP, 

SANATIVE  PILLS,   Ac. 


Hubbel's  Golden  Bitters! 


(THE  BEST  TONIC  IN  THE  WORLD,) 


HubbePs  Cabinet  Brandy! 

(FOE  MEDICINAL  USE.) 

And  all  the  leading  Patent  Medicines  of  the  day. 


LARGE  AND  CLOSE  BUYERS  OF 

Drags,  Chemicals,  Paints,  Oils,  Glass,  Dye  Stuffs,  Ac., 

Will  consult  their  interest  by  an  examination  of  our  stock  and  prices  before  buying  elsewhere 

BURNHAMS  &,  VAN  SCHAACK, 

Wholesale  Druggists,  16  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

E.  BURNHAM.  E,  R.  BURNHAM,  PETER  VAN  SCIIAACK, 

68  Cedar  St.,  New  York.  Chicago,  111. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


59 

were  the  times  these  men.  fell  on  their  knees  to  ask  for  aid 
from  above,  as  some  unusual  sound  or  occurrence  reminded 
them  of  their  exact  situation,  and  that  they  were  wholly  at 
the  mercy  of  the  natural  influences  of  the  place.  In  this 
sub-lacustrine  abode,  so  full  of  romance,  thought  and  appre- 
hension, where  the  full  power  of  nature  was  visible,  these 
invaders  of  her  solitude  cowed  before  the  horrible  thoughts 
which,  in  spite  of  themselves  and  their  work,  would  arise. 
Confine  a  hardened  criminal  in  such  a  cell,  let  him  fully 
understand  that  but  a  wall  of  clay  keeps  the  waters  of  the 
lake  from  drowning  him,  that,  should  the  bellows  at  the 
shore  end  of  the  Tunnel  eease  to  perform  its  rapid  revolu- 
tions, his  lungs  would  refuse  to  receive  life  from  the  close 
and  confined  atmosphere,  and  he  would  repent  his  sins  in  an 
hour.  The  horrors  of  the  Inquisition  would  be  weak  in 
comparison. 

Veins  of  natural  gas  were  frequently  encountered  by  the 
miners,  which  often  proved  dangerous  in.  the  extreme. 
Becoming  somewhat  accustomed-  to  these  freaks  of  nature, 
they  at  length  began  to  treat  them  uniformly  and  with 
success.  The  sound  of  their  picks  as  they  struck  them  into 
the  clay  ahead,  on  the  face  of  the  excavation,  told  them 
when  they  were  approaching  a  vein.  When  within  a  certain 
distance  of  it,  they  bored  into  the  earth  with  a  sort  of  auger, 
pulling  it  out  the  instant  the  vein  was  struck,  and  applying 
their  lamp.  The  gas  would  instantly  ignite,  burn  with 
a  bright,  clear  flame,  which  lit  up  the  Tunnel  for  a  long 
distance  with  a  fitful  glare.  Some  of  these  jets  would  burn 
several  hours,  obliging  the  workmen  to  leave  the  Tunnel, 
and  await  the  extinction  of  the  vein,  when  they  would  again 
proceed  as  before. 

One  day,  while  Col.  Gowan  was  showing  a  party  of 
visitors  into  the  Tunnel,  they  distinctly  heard  the  paddle 

Graver  <£  Baker  S.  M.  Co.  Gents  :  I  had  long  desired  to  possess  a  sewing  machine,  and 
tried  several  before  yours,  but  failed  to  master  the  intricate  mechanism  until  I  doubted 
my  ability  to  ever  operate  successfully.  But  determining  to  once  more  try,  called  at  your 
office,  was  asked  to  take  a  lesson  on  the  machine.  I  saw  at  once  its  superiority,  and  took 
one  to  my  house  on  trial.  Since  then  I  have  done  all  kinds  of  work  on  different  materials, 
have  never  been  troubled  to  make  perfect  work  on  thick  or  thin  goods,  and  am  so  pleased 
with  my  machine  that  I  would  not  sell  it  for  any  price  unless  I  could  get  another  like  it. 

MRS.  E.  WILDER,  No.  7  Washington  Street. 


60 


Office  &  Salesroom,  72  Randolph  Street. 


MAN  U  FACTORY, 

Nos.  74, 76  and  78  Randolph  Street, 

P.  O.  Box  5994.  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


61 

wheels  of  a  steamer,  which  just  at  that  moment  passed 
directly  over  their  heads,  on  the  lake,  showing  that  the  water 
and  the  earth  were  both  good  sound  conductors.  Returning 
to  the  outer  world,  they  descried  the  vessel  steaming  her 
way  towards  the  harbor.  The  workmen  frequently  reported 
hearing  similar  sounds. 

In  September,  1865,  a  crevice  was  struck,  through  which 
water  began  to  drip  into  the  Tunnel.  The  frightened 
miners  fled  in  dismay,  but  soon  returned,  repaired  the  crevice, 
and  proceeded  with  their  work. 

It  is  somewhat  wonderful  that  during  three  years  of  tun- 
neling no  accident  occurred  of  any  moment,  or  which 
delayed  the  work  more  than  a  few  days  at  the  furthest. 
The  beds  of  quicksand,  prognosticated  by  some,  were  never 
found. 

PECUNIARY  DIFFICULTIES. 


The  history  of  nearly  all  great  enterprises  has  been 
embarrassments  in  more  ways  than  one.  It  has  been  said 
that  money  would  remove  mountains,  which  nobody  can 
doubt,  since  the  completion  of  the  lake  Tunnel.  It  was 
not  expected  that  such  a  gigantic  work  could  be  done  for 
anything  less  than  a  mine  of  gold;  neither  did  anybody 
suppose  that  such  a  job  could  be  accurately  figured  upon  in 
the  office  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  The  great  disparity 
in  the  bids  put  in  by  different  parties,  which  ranged  from 
$239,548  to  $1,050,000,  is  evidence  enough  of  the  assertion. 
The  varying  state  of  gold,  the  prices  of  labor  and  material, 
rendered  it  still  more  difficult  to  tell  what  the  work  would 
cost.  The  labor  market  undergoes  many  changes  in  three 
years,  which  has  been  the  case  since  the  Tunnel  was 
commenced.  The  contractors  also  claim  that  they  expected 
to  use  the  clay  for  making  brick  for  the  masonry,  but  that 
it  was  not  fit  for  the  purpose,  and  they  consequently  lost  a 
large  amount  of  money. 

The  contract  price  of  the  Tunnel  was  $315,139,  with  the 
allowance  of  a  few  insignificant  extras.  For  that  amount 


62 

THE  LAKE  TUNNEL 

AND  THE 

Bankers'  and  Merchants  Headquarters 

At  47  State  Street, 


THE  LEADING  OBJECTS  OF  INTEREST  TO  THOSE  VISITING 


AT  THE  LATTER  PLACE  MAY  BE  SEEN  THE 

• 

ALUMPATENTANDPATENTTRIPPLEFLANGE 


IE 


(With  Best  Finish  and  Latest  Improvements,)  and 

O  IE  ILi  33  33  DFt  ^  T  IE  X3 

O  IXI  ! 

ALL  ARE    INVITED   TO   CALL. 

MAYNARD  BROTHERS,  PROPRIETORS, 

47"    Stnte    Street. 

PABTIOULAB  ATTENTION  GIVEN  TO  BUB(JLAR  PBOOF  WOBK. 


63 

the  contractors  believed  they  could  complete  the  work,  but 
speedily  complained  that  the  compensation  was  not  adequate. 
According  to  the  contract,  it  was  agreed  that  monthly 
estimates  of  the  work  would  'be  made  by  the  Board  of  Public 
Works,  during  its  progress;  and  that  seventy-five  per  cent, 
of  the  amount  should  be  paid  to  the  contractors  from  time 
to  time ;  the  remaining  twenty-five  per  cent,  being  retained 
by  the  Board  until  the  completion  of  the  work,  as  security 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  the  contractors. 

The  first  application  of  Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan  was  for  a 
simple  advance  of  money;  and  this  request  the  Council 
granted,  by  reducing  the  amount  of  monthly  estimates 
reserved  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works  from  twenty-five  to 
fifteen  per  cent. 

Subsequently,  in  the  fall  of  1865,  the  contractors  petitioned 
for  an  increase  of  the  contract  price,  claiming  that  they  took 
the  work  when  gold  was  1.25.  When,  however,  the  contract 
was  signed  gold  was  at  1.60 ;  and  although  it  has  been 
higher  since,  it  has  also  been  lower.  The  price  of  material 
has  certainly  been  higher ;  but,  then,  it  was  claimed,  on  the 
other  side,  that  the  contractors  went  in  with  their  eyes  open, 
and  could  have  contracted  for  all  the  material  at  the  low 
prices. 

The  question  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance 
of  the  Common  Council,  who,  on  the  12th  of  February  last, 
presented  a  long  and  carefully  compiled  report,  amounting 
to  nothing,  save  the  recommendation  that  the  subject  be 
again  referred  to  the  Board  of  Public  Works  for  further 
investigation.  On  the  19th  of  the  same  month,  after  a  sharp 
contest  in  the  Council,  an  ordinance  was  passed,  by  a  vote 
of  eighteen  to  eleven,  giving  to  Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan,  in 
addition  to  the  sum  of  $315,139  named  in  the  original 

Gentlemen  :  I  would  cheerfully  state  for  the  benefit  of  those  desirous  of  purchasing  a 
gewing  machine  which  will  adapt  itself  readily  to  all  kinds  of  family  sewing  without 
change  of  tension,  that  the  Grover  &  Baker  has  no  pqual.  After  a  careful  examination  of 
several  of  the  standard  machines  I  feel  confident  of  being  able  to  prove  the  above  state- 
ment, and  will  give  some  reasons,  either  one  of  w  Inch  will  be  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  its 
excellency  over  other  machines:  1st.  It  makes  the  only  true  elastic  seam.  2d.  That  it 
combines  the  two  very  important  points,  that  of  simplicity  and  strength.  3d.  That  it  sews 
directly  from  the  spools  without  rewinding,  and  does  not  require  the  tedious  process  of 
fastening  all  seams  when  the  garment  is  completed.  Hoping  that  this  may  serve  aa  a 
testimony  to  a  few  of  the  widely  known  merits. 

Miss  S.  M.  COOPER,  317  West  Washington  Street. 


64 


READ  AND  LEARN  THAT  A  PERFECT  AND  RADICAL  CURE  is  warranted  and 
guaranteed  to  all  who  are  afflicted  with  weakness,  debility,  nervous  complaints,  melancholy 
thoughts,  depression  of  spirits,  distress  and  anguish  of  mind,  loss  of  sleep,  loss  of  memory, 
loss  of  energy  and  muscular  power,  puny  growth,  wasting  away,  and  a  want  of  confidence 
in  themselves,  fainting  fits,  convulsive  tremblings,  impotence  and  disgust  ol  life.  Hear 
what  the  medical  press  says: — Some  physicians  require  to  be  told  the  nature  of  your 
disease— the  English  Botanic  Physician  does  not,  if  you  visit  him  personally.  His  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  human  system  enables  him  to  describe  the  disease  without  any  informa- 
tion from  the  patient,  to  explain  its  original  cause,  and  to  guarantee  its  cure.  And,  what  is 
better  still,  he  will  honestly  and  frankly  tell  you  whether  you  can  be  cured  or  not.  ThU 
will  satisfy  your  mind,  and  save  you  expense,  time,  trouble  and  disappointment.  It  will  be 
the  means  of  saving  you  many  a  dollar. 


IT  WILL  SAVE  YOUR  HEALTH,  and  what  is  better  than  all.  IT  WILL  SAVE  YOTJR 
LIFE  from  being  shortened  by  wrong  treatment.  The  Botanic  Remedies  of  DR.  RAPHAEL, 
the  English  Botanic  Physician,  never  yet  failed  to  make  a  perfect  cure  of  all  private,  secret 
and  venereal  diseases,  without  the  use  of  mercury,  without  hindrance  from  business,  and 
without  fear  of  discovery  or  exposure.  No  deadly  poisons,  such  as  arsenic,  nux  vomica, 
opium  or  any  other  poisons.  No  mercury  or  other  deadly  minerals — nothing  but  purely 
Vegetable  Botanic  Remedies  are  used  by  him.  His  Remedies  cure  the  most  obstinate  and 


GOOD  NEWS  FOR  THE  LADIES.— Ladies  whose  delicate  health  makes  it  necessary  for 
them  not  to  have  children,  can,  with  perfect  confidence  and  safety,  use  DR.  RAPHAEL'S  Rem- 
edy. His  preventive  is  innocent  and  safe.  It  does  not  interfere  with  diet  or  occupation. 
It  operates  without  sickness  or  exposure,  and  is  certain  in  its  effect.  It  not  only  prevents 
from  having  children,  but  it  will  restore  the  monthly  periods  and  improve  the  health.  _  To 
those  ladies  who  have  been  seduced  or  otherwise  injured,  and  whose  misfortunes  h'ave 
brought  on  premature  old  age,  which  keeps  them  from  getting  married,  his  Remedies  cure  the 
injury  so  that  no  one  can  know  it,  restore  the  bloom  and  vigor  of  youth,  remove  all  traces 
of  their  misfortune,  and  enable  them  to  enter  married  life  with  confidence  of  health  and 
happiness. — Journal  of  Health. 


Let  no  young  person,  whether  male  or  female,  enter  the  sacred  obligations  of  married  life 
ithout  first  consulting  him. 


. 
to  the  fullest  confidence. — Journal  of  Health. 


His  hours  for  seeing  visitors  are  from  10  A.  M.  to  4  P.  M.  daily  (Sundays  excepted)  at  213 
East  Madison  Street,  (up  stairs,)  between  Wells  and  Franklin  Streets,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Consultation  fee,  one  dollar.  He  has  private  consultation  rooms  for  Ladies  and  Gentlemen. 
Each  visitor  has  a  separate  room,  arranged  so  that  the  most  delicate,  refined  and  sensitive 
may  visit  the  Doctor  confidentially,  without  being  seen  by  any  other  visitor. 


PERSONS  AT  A  DISTANCE  may  communicate  CONFIDENTIALLY  by  letter,  if  they  enclose 
one  dollar  for  Consultation  Fee  in  each  letter.  All  letters,  communications  and  interviews 
are  strictly  private  and  confidential.  No  answer  will  be  given  to  letters  unless  one  dollar  is 
enclosed  as  Consultation  Fee.  By  enclosing  four  3  cent  stamps,  DR.  RAPHAEL'S  GUIDE  TO 
HEALTH  AND  LONG  LIFE  will  be  sent  to  all  who  are  in  delicate  health,  and  whose 
infirmities  and  impotence  prevent  them  from  getting  married.  One  for  the  Ladies,  and  one 
for  the  Gentlemen— say  which  you  want,  or  send  six  3  cent  stamps  for  the  two  books.  His 
Circular  about  getting  Rich  and  Eminent,  winning  the  affections  of  the  opposite  sex,  ending 
with  a  speedy  and  happy  marriage,  will  be  sent  gratis  at  the  same  time. 

Address  all  letters  as  follows:  DB.  RAPHAEL,  Box  6273,  Chicago,  111. 


65 

contract,  the  further  amount  of  sixty  per  cent,  on  said 
contract  price.  This  addition  amounted  to  about  $189,000. 
On  the  5th  of  March,  this  ordinance  was  returned  to  the 
Council  without  the  approval  of  the  Mayor,  for  the  reason 
that  it  had  not  been  drawn  by  the  law  officer  of  the  city, 
and  was  in  violation  of  the  charter.  The  Council  then 
passed  an  order,  advancing  the  contractors  the  sum  of 
$50,000,  said  sum  to  be  -deducted  from  the  moneys  due  said 
contractors  upon  the  completion  of  the  work. 

Up  to  March  31,  1864,  there  had  been  expended  upon 
the  work  $2,919.63;  up  to  March  31,  1865,  $106,389.24; 
and  up  to  March  31,  1866,  $230,220.08  — amounting  in  the 
aggregate,  up  to  last  date,  to  $339}528.94.  Whether  or  not 
the  contractors  have  made  money  out  of  the  job  will  probably 
not  soon  appear,  and  the  matter  of  further  compensation  lies 
between  themselves  and  the  city  authorities.  The  press  of 
the  city  has  uniformly  argued  that  no  advance  should  be 
allowed  the  contractors,  while  the  Board  of  Public  Works 
have  seemed  inclined  to  concede  to  their  wishes.  It  is 
understood  that  memorandums  of  the  cost  of  the  work  have 
been  carefully  kept,  and  a  proper  adjustment  of  the  matter 
will  no  doubt  be  made.  The  great  question  has  been,  would 
the  Tunnel  prove  a  success  ?  which  has  been  satisfactorily 
answered. 

When  completed,  the  entire  expenditure  will  not  be  far 
from  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 


THE  TUNNEL  COMPLETED. 


On  Saturday,  the  24th  of  November,  1866,  the  morning 
papers  informed  the  citizens  of  Chicago,  that  the  two  sections 
of  the  Tunnel  had  progressed  so  near  to  each  other,  that 
but  a  thin  wall  of  clay  remained  to  divide  them.  The 
glorious  result  sent  a  thrill  of  joy  to  every  heart,  and  the 
telegraph  carried  it  to  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  The 
long  anticipated  time  had  arrived — the  vexing  question  as  to 
whether  the  two  mining  parties  would  meet,  or,  from  some 
5 


66 


CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN 


Grand  Consolidated   Line, 

Comprising  all  the  Principal  Eaiiroads  from  Chicago  directly 

WEST  AND  NORTHWEST! 

THE  OMAHA  PACIFIC  LINE 

O3T    THIS    JR.A.ZXi'W.A.Tr    IS 

COMPLETED  TO  COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  IOWA, 

OIPIPOSXTIE 


And  trains  are  running  through  without  change  of  cars  at  the  Mississippi  River,  connecting 

at  OMAHA  with  the  "  UNION  PACIFIC  RAILROAD"  to  NORTH  PLATTE,  (290 

miles,)  where  Stages  of  the  "OVERLAND  COMPANY"  connect  for 

Denver,  Salt  Lake,  and  all  parts  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Montana,  Idaho  and  California. 

EXPRESS  TRAINS  LEAVE  CHICAGO  DAILY 

On  the  different  branches  of  the  CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN  R'Y, 
in  connection  with  Trains  from  the  EAST  and  SOUTH,  for 

DIXON,  FULTON,  CLINTON,  CEDAR  RAPIDS,  NEVADA, 

Boone,  Woodbine,  Des  Moines,  Council  Bluffs,  Omaha  and  Sioux  City,  Kockford, 

Beloit,  Freeport,  Mineral  Point,  Galena,  Dunleith,  Dubuque,  Independence, 

Cedar  Falls,  Milwaukee,  Janesville,  Madison,  Prairie  du  Chien, 


16 


Watertown,  Fonddu  Lac,  Oslilcosli,  Rlpoii,  Berlin,  Green  Bay, 
Escanaba,  Marquette,  and  all  points  In 

Northern  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  the  Lake  Superior  Country, 

Connections  are  made  at  Green  Bay  'or  Escanaba  on  the  Little  Bay  de  Noc,  thence  by 
the  Peninsula  Railroad  to  Marquette,  and  the  IRON  AND  COPPER  MINES. 

For  Lake  Superior  this  is  the  Shortest  and  Most  Direct  Route. 


Are  run  to  Council  Bluffs,  Dunleith,  Prairie  du  Chien,  Pond  du  Lac  and  Green  Bay. 


Passengers  for  any  point  West  or  Northwest  of  Chicago 

r<»   avail   themselves  of   the   many   advantages    offered    by   thli 
Company,  should  be  particular  to  a«k  for  Tickets  via 

"CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN  RAILWAY." 


B.  F.  PATRICK,  CHAS.  S.  TAPPEN,  GEO.  L.  DUJTLAP, 

Gcn'l  Paw.  Agent.  Gen'l  Freight  Agent.  Gon'l  SupcM'iutendont 


slight  error  of  the  engineers,  pass  by  each  other,  and  continue 
on  tunneling  at  random,  was  answered.  When  it  was  further 
announced  that  the  sections  had  met  each  other  to  within 
the  space  of  an  inch,  wonder  at  the  grand  result  took  the 
place  of  joy.  It  was  the  topic  on  every  tongue,  and  had  the 
authorities  but  hinted  at  a  celebration,  the  city  would  have 
resounded  with  the  booming  of  cannon  and  ringing  of  bells. 
But  it  was  thought  best  to  postpone  the  grand  jubilee 
until  water  flowed  through  the  Tunnel,  as  months  of  work 
remained  to  be  done,  before  the  final  result  would  be  obtained. 
The  measurement  of  the  Tunnel,  as  it  then  stood,  was  as 
follows: 

PSET. 

Whole  length  of  Tunnel 10,587 

Excavated  on  Shore  Shaft 8,275 

Excavated  on  Lake  Shaft 2,290 

Remaining 2 

Towards  evening,  the  last  day  of  November,  the  con- 
tractors, Messrs.  Dull  &  Gowan,  Mr.  E.  S.  Chesbrough,  the 
original  "inventor"  of  the  Tunnel,  together  with  his 
assistant  engineer,  Mr.  Offerman,  the  superintendent,  and  a 
number  of  miners,  dividing  themselves  into  two  parties, 
descended  the  respective  shafts  of  the  Tunnel,  for  the 
purpose  of  removing  the  thin  wall  of  clay  that  yet  remained 
between  the  two  sections.  The  party  that  descended  the 
shore  shaft  arrived  at  the  scene  of  operations  first,  the  others 
having  to  traverse  two  miles  of  the  lake  on  board  a  tug,  then 
descend  the  crib  shaft,  and  go  out  to  meet  them.  When  the 
appointed  time,  twenty  minutes  to  four  o'clock,  arrived,  the 
picks  were  raised,  and  soon  the  barrier  was  removed,  render- 
ing the  great  lake  Tunnel  one  continuous  tube,  two  miles  in 
length  and  five  feet  in  diameter,  reaching  from  the  shore  to 
the  artificial  island  in  the  lake. 

November  20th,  1866. — Grover  &  Baker.  Dear  Sir :  This  Is  a  very  late  hour  to  say  any- 
thing to  you  about  my  machine,  hut  "  better  late  than  never,"  perhaps.  I  can  assure  yon 
that  the  machine  has  been  well  tested,  as  I  have  used  it  over  three  years,  and  never  had  the 
least  trouble  with  it.  And  I  am  perfectly  satisfied,  for  it  is  like  a  faithful  friend,  it  always 
stands  ready  to  do  me  a  good  turn.  MRS.  L.  W.  VOLK. 

Messrs.  G'rnver  <£  Jiaker :  I  have  carefully  and  thoroughly  tried  your  No.  1  Machine  oa 
various  kinds  of  boot  and  shoe  work,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  it  a  superior 
machine.  It  works  rapidly  and  noiselessly,  and  executes  most  perfect  work. 

S.  S.  BUFFUM,  Manufacturer  of  Boots  and  Shoes,  73  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  III. 


68 

The  greetings  of  the  two  parties  that  thus  met  under  the 
lake,  can  be  better  imagined  than  described.  There  were 
hearty  hand  shakings,  joyful  congratulations,  and  loud 
huzzas,  which  resounded  through  the  cavernous  depths. 
Mr.  Offerman,  superintendent  of  the  work,  was  the  first  who 
stepped  from  one  section  to  the  other  of  the  Tunnel.  The 
joy  of  the  contractors,  at  this  happy  termination  of  their 
gigantic  labor,  cannot  be  described  with  any  sort  of  justice. 
But  they  were  not  more  pleased  than  were  the  people  of 
Chicago  when  they  heard  the  glad  tidings.  The  party  that 
had  come  down  via  the  crib,  consisting  of  Mr.  Dull,  Mr. 
Bramhall  and  others,  proceeded  westward,  and  soon  arrived 
at  the  shore,  being  the  first  who  passed  completely  through 
the  Tunnel,  from  the  crib. 

On  the  night  in  which  it  was  anticipated  that  the  Tunnel 
would  be  completed,  the  gang  of  workmen  were  in  charge  of 
E.  W.  Offerman,  son  of  the  superintendent.  That  gentleman 
had  received  instructions  to  pursue  the  excavation  to  a  certain 
distance,  and  then  leave  it.  Twice  had  he  measured  and 
found  that  he  had  already  permitted  the  workmen  to  go 
forward  to  the  farthest  extremity,  and  yet  the  rod  driven 
from  the  other  side  had  not  been  reached.  What  was  to  be 
done  ?  Had  all  their  calculations  been  for  naught  ?  Was 
the  shaft  larger  than  had  been  supposed,  or  had  the  true 
course  been  deviated  from  ?  Seizing  an  auger  near  at  hand, 
he  thrust  it  into  the  clay,  and  commenced  boring.  A  few 
turns,  and  it  gave  way  before  him  as  the  point  was  faced 
upon  the  other  side.  The  "trimming  out"  process  revealed 
the  iron  rod,  and  the  workmen  returned  to  the  mouth  of  the 
shaft  to  make  the  early  morning  ring  with  their  rejoicing. 

The  site  of  the  new  Water  Works  is  to  be  the  same  as  the 
old,  with  the  addition  of  187J  feet  of  land  west  of  Pine 
street,  which  the  Board  has  purchased  of  Mr.  Lill,  and  upon 
which,  covering  both  it  and  the  old  site,  the  new  building  will 
be  erected,  the  foundations  for  which  are  already  laid.  The 
erection  of  this  magnificent  structure,  which  will  cost,  when 
completed,  $55,000,  will  delay  for  several  months  the  final 
letting  in  of  water  through  the  Tunnel.  This  building 


69 

should  have  been  erected  long  before  the  two  sections  of  the 
Tunnel  met,  but  the  Board  considered  themselves  too  much 
engrossed  in  that  work,  to  undertake  another  before  it  was 
successfully  completed. 

A  new  pumping  engine,  sufficiently  powerful  to  elevate 
into  the  reservoirs,  from  the  Tunnel,  eighteen  million  gallons 
of  water  in  twenty-four  hours,  has  been  purchased,  which 
will  be  placed  in  the  new  building.  This  engine,  which  is 
the  largest  ever  put  up  in  the  West,  cost  $112,350.  It  was 
built  from  designs  drawn  by  Mr.  Cregier,  the  old  engineer 
at  the  Water  Works,  and  is  a  model  of  beautiful  machinery. 

The  last  work  performed  will  be  to  remove  the  stones 
which  now  fill  the  crib,  and  lay  them  in  the  cement.  This 
will  render  the  structure  imperishable,  even  should  the 
timbers  of  which  it  was  originally  formed  decay. 

By  a  glance  at  the  drawing  on  the  first  page,  the  entire 
plan  of  the  Tunnel  will  be  understood  at  once.  The  shore 
shaft  and  crib  are  both  shown,  the  miners  are  seen  at  work 
tunneling  from  either  direction,  and  the  lake,  with  vessels 
floating  upon  its  bosom,  lies  over  head. 


THE  SEALING  STONE  PUT  IN  PLACE. 


On  Thursday  morning,  December  6th,  1866,  people  noticed 
that  a  large  flag  floated  from  the  cupola  of  the  Court  House, 
in  which  building  the  Board  of  Public  Works  have  their 
office.  It  was  in  honor  of  the  final  closing  up  of  the  Tunnel 
arch,  at  the  point  where  the  crib  and  shore  sections  met. 

The  Board  of  Public  Works  had  previously  extended 
invitations  to  the  Common  Council,  Board  of  Education,  and 

CHICAGO,  December  10th,  1866.— Grover  &  Baker  S.  M.  Co.:  We  have  used  in  our  family 
for  the  past  five  ypurs  one  of  the  Grover  &  Baker  machines.  It  has  not  hud  ten  cents'  worth 
of  repairs  in  all  that  time,  and  is  now  in  perfect  running  order.  It  has  done  miles  upon 
miles  of  sewing  of  all  kinds.  We  have  nothing  to  say  in  regard  to  the  merits  or  demerits  of 
any  other  machine,  but  the  Grover  &  Baker  always  does  its  work  well  and  is  satisfactory. 

GEO.  A.  SHUFELDT,  JE. 

CHICAGO,  November  25th,  1866.— Grover  &  Baker,  S.  M.  Co.  Dear  Sir  :  We  have  had  your 
elastic  stitch  machine  in  constant  use  in  our  manufactory  for  the  past  six  years.  It  has  done 
our  work  perfectly.  No  other  machine  can  do  our  work,  which  is  making  up  fur  good*. 
We  have  tried  other  prominent  machines,  and  none  will  quilt  silk  and  cotton  together, 
leaving  the  goods  as  elastic  as  before  slitched,  like  yours. 

J.  A.  SMITH  &  CO.,  Furriers,  118  Lake  St. 


70 

O.  F.  FULLER,  K.   IS.  FINCH,  0.  AV.  FULLER, 

CHICAGO.  LONDON.  NEW  YORK. 


FULLER,  FINCH  &  FULLER, 

22,  24,  26  &  28 

Market  St.,  Chicago 

Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealers  in 


I>ye 


WINDOW  GLASS,  PUTTY, 

SOAP  MAKERS'  STOCK, 

TANNERS'  STOCK,  &o. 

Druggists'  Sundries, 

DIRECT    IMPORTATIONS. 

Terms  Cash,    Prices  Low,    Prompt  Shipments. 


BRICKING   UP   THE   ARCH. 


J.  EL  O'BRIEISPS 


I  have  now  open  and  ready  for  inspection,  a  new  and 
complete  Stock  of 

FINE  FURNISHING  GOODS 

Adapted  for  the  season,  consisting  in  part  of  the  following: 

Pull  Lines  of  Hosiery  and  Gloves. 

Silk  Scarfs,  new  and  novel  styles. 

Silk  Ties,  both  black  and  fancy. 

Linen-Cambric  Handkerchiefs,  hem- 
stitched and  fancy. 
Merino  Wrappers  and  Drawers. 
English  Braces. 

P.  and  C.  Red  Wrappers  and  Drawers. 
French  and  American  Suspenders. 

Lamb's  Wool  Wrappers  and  Drawers. 
A  Pull  Line  of  Linen  and  Paper  Collars. 

Golden  Plax  Shirts,  a  complete  assortment. 
Linen,  Muslin  and  Jean  Drawers. 

Plain  and  Fancy  Traveling  Shirts,  &c.,  &c. 

TO  ALL  OF  WHICH  I  INVITE  YOUR  ATTENTION. 


Send  for  a  Circular. 


JOHN  H.  O'BRIEN, 

88  DEARBORN  ST.,  CHICAGO, 

Opposite  the  Masonic  Temple. 


73 

many  other  prominent  citizens,  to  witness  the  ceremonies. 
At  the  time  fixed,  about  two  hundred  of  the  invited  guests 
were  on  the  spot,  awaiting  anxiously  the  rare  adventure 
before  them. 

The  Board  of  Public  Works  had  arranged  to  have  two 
trains  of  cars  pass  through  the  Tunnel,  from  the  shore  to 
the  crib,  one  leaving  the  shore  shaft  at  ten  o'clock  and  the 
other  at  half-past  twelve,  in  the  morning ;  and  also  to  have  a 
tugboat  leave  State  street  bridge,  at  corresponding  hours, 
for  the .  crib.  Those  who  went  out  by  the  Tunnel  railway 
were  to  return  via  the  lake,  and  those  who  reached  the  crib 
by  means  of  the  tugboats,  were  to  return  to  the  shore  through 
the  Tunnel,  on  board  the  train  which  brought  the  other  party. 
Twenty-one  earth  cars  were  put  in  readiness  for  the  Tunnel 
trip,  and  the  tugboat  S.  H.  Crawford  was  chartered  for 
service  above  the  waves.  The  hour  for  starting  was  ten 
o'clock,  at  which  time  the  entire  party  were  on  hand,  full  of 
eager  expectation. 

When  the  hour  arrived,  His  Honor,  Mayor  Rice,  the 
several  members  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  the  Common 
Council,  and  as  many  of  the  other  guests  as  could  ride  in 
the  first  train,  were  lowered  into  the  shore  shaft,  where  they 
entered  the  cars.  The  Mayor  took  the  first  car,  to  reach 
which  he  was  obliged  to  do  considerable  crawling  upon  his 
hands  and  knees,  and  the  other  members  of  the  party 
arranged  themselves  in  the  train,  four  persons  occupying  a 
car,  one  sitting  in  each  corner.  As  the  memorial  stone  was 
to  be  inserted  upon  the  south  side,  the  passengers  were 
seated  so  as  to  face  that  point  of  the  compass.  As  described 
before,  the  motive  power  of  the  train  was  a  mule,  which 
could  be  dimly  discerned  in  the  gloom  ahead.  When  all 
was  in  order,  the  train  started  off  through  the  tube-like 
passage,  the  mule  cantering  along  at  a  rapid  pace.  Many 
were  the  jests  and  jokes  indulged  in  on  this  wonderful 
highway,  as  the  cars  sped  out  under  the  lake.  There  was 
also  considerable  temerity  exhibited,  as  some  of  the  passen- 
gers had  never  before  visited  the  Tunnel. 

At  the  distance  of  a  mile  and  a  half  from  shore,  at  the 


74 


—OF- 


MEN'S  AND  BOYS' 

READY-MADE 


—TO— 


CLOSE  THE  PARTNERSHIP 


—OF— 


G.  T.  BESIiDING  f£  CO. 


THIS 


WILL  BE 

TO    THE    3PTJI3LIC 

AT  A 


GEEAT  SACEIPICB! 

eft?  GO 


98,  100  &  102  Randolph  Street,  Chicago. 


75 

exact  point  where  the  two  tunneling  parties  met,  the  train 
stopped.  The  Mayor  and  Board  of  Public  Works  left  their 
seats,  and  advanced  to  the  spot.  Mr.  Kershall,  the  City 
Inspector,  said: 

Mr.  Mayor,  and  Members  of  the  Common  Council : 

You  have  arrived  at  the  spot  where  the  two  ends  of  the  work  are  to 
be  closed  up.  It  only  remains  for  you,  Mr.  Mayor,  to  place  the  last 
stone  in  position  in  this  work,  and  we  are  going  to  help  you  do  it. 

Mayor  Rice  then  came  forward,  and  spoke  as  follows, 
amid  the  cheers  of  the  guests : 

Members  of  the  Board  of  Public  "Works,  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen, 
Gentlemen  Contractors  and  Fellow  Citizens : 

At  the  commencement  of  this  important  work,  the  Mayor  of  the  city, 
being  its  chief  officer,  and  supposed  to  represent  the  sentiments  of  all 
our  citizens,  was  appointed  to  remove  the  first  shovelful  of  earth, 
thereby  introducing  that  work  and  showing  the  world  that  that  great 
undertaking  should  be  done. 

Now  that  this  portion  of  it  is  completed,  I  have  the  great  pleasure,  and 
the  honor,  as  being  Mayor  of  the  city,  in  like  capacity  to  put  the  last 
finishing  stroke  upon  this  work,  which  is  intended,  as  I  understand  it, 
to  show  to  the  world  that  the  citizens  of  Chicago,  through  me,  give  this 
great  work  their  approval. 

His  Honor  then  took  the  trowel  and  the  stone,  a  perfectly 
white  block  of  marble,  one  foot  long  by  six  inches  wide, 
placed  the  cement  in  the  interstices  left  in  the  arch,  and 
finally  deposited  the  key  stone  in  its  final  place,  remarking 
further  as  he  did  so:  "Now,  gentlemen,  in  behalf  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  I  place  the  last  stone  in  this  great  Tunnel 
—  the  wonder  of  America  and  the  world."  A  number  of 
pieces  of  American  coin  were  then  deposited  inside  the 
stone,  by  the  guests,  when  the  Mayor  continued :  "  Gentle- 
men, I  announce  to  you  all,  that  the  last  stone  in  the  Tunnel 
is  laid,  and  that  the  work  is  completed." 

It  was  now  eleven  o'clock,  and  the  party,  re-entering  the 

Messrs.  Grorer  <£•  Baker:  Our  machinist  and  foreman  have  both  thoroughly  examined  and 
tested  your  No.  1  Machines  on  different  material,  from  the  heaviest  harness  leather  and 
finest  broadcloth  and  muslin,  to  the  thinnest  tissue  paper,  without  altering  the  tensions,  and 
we  find  it  makes  a  perfect  stitch  on  all  materials.  I  am  a  merchant  tailor  and  manufacturer 
of  clothing.  Have  tried  Singer's  and  other  machines  for  years,  and  have  no  hesitancy  in 
pronouncing  your  No.  1  Shuttle  Machine  the  best  by  far  of  any  machine  we  have  ever  used. 
WILLIAM  LOCK,  Merchant  Tailor  and  Manufacturer,  121  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


76 


ASTROLOGY 


THE  SCIENCE  AND  INFLUENCE  OP   THE 

STARS  AND   PLANETS 

Reveal  Your  Destiny! 


WHAT    IS   IT? 

Good  or  Evil?    Rich  or  Poor? 

Are  yon  to  rise  to  eminence,  honor,  wealth  and  power;  or  are  yon  to  sink  into  obscurity, 
oblivion,  and  be  forever  unknown  1    What  are  your  future  prospects  in  life  1 
TO  BE,  OR  NOT  TO  BE?—  That  is  this  all-absorbing  question.    Who  will  solve.it? 

The  never  failing  DR.  RAPHAEL  can  solve  it!  ALL  WHO  ARE  IN  TROUBLE,  all 
who  have  been  unfortunate,  all  whose  fond  hopes  have  been  disappointed,  chrushed  and 
blasted,  ail  who  have  been  seduced  by  false  promises  and  deceit,  all  who  have  been  deceived 
and  trifled  with,  all  go  to  him  for  advice  and  get  satisfaction.  All  who  are  in  doubt  of  the 
affections  of  those  they  love,  consult  him  to  relieve  and  satisfy  their  minds,  and  to  find  out 
if  their  bright  and  warm  hopes  will  be  realized. 

IN  LOVE  AFFAIRS  HE  NEVER  FAILS.—  He  has  the  secret  of  winning  the  affections 
of  the  opposite  sex.  He  guides  the  single  to  a  wealthy  and  happy  marriage,  and  makes  the 
married  happy.  For  those  Ladies  who  have  been  seduced  or  otherwise  injured,  and  whose 
misfortunes  have  brought  on  premature  old  age,  which  keeps  them  from  getting  married,  he 
has  simple,  innocent  and  sure  remedies,  that  will  cure  the  injury  BO  that  no  one  can  know  it, 
and  will  restore  the  bloom  and  vigor  of  youth,  remove  all  traces  of  their  misfortune,  and 
enable  them  to  enter  married  life  with  confidence  of  health  and  happiness.  —  Jour,  of  Health. 

To  make  the  thing  more  sure,  If  you  call  personally  he  will  show  you  the  likeness  of  your 
FUTURE  HUSBAND  OR  WIFE?  He  will  tell  you  their  circumstances  and  their  future 
prospects;  and  what  is  better  still,  he  can  tell  you  their  thoughts,  and  what  their  real  inten- 
tions are  toward  you.  He  can  tell  you  if  they  will  make  you  happy.  He  can  foretell  with 
the  greatest  certainty  the  results  of  all  commercial  and  business  transactions  and  speculations. 

MORE  GOOD  NEWS!  !—  DR.  RAPHAEL  will  cast  your  Horoscope  or  write  yonr  nativity. 
Every  man,  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  who  has  bad  luck,  and  who  cannot 
get  on  in  the  world,  should  be  in  possession  of  his  Horoscope,  and  get  DR.  RAPHAEL'S 
WRITTEN  OPINION  OF  HIS  FUTURE  PROSPECTS  IN  LIFE.  It  will  guide  him  to 
Wealth,  Eminence  and  Honor.  Thousands  of  good  men  who  were  unfortunate  and  unsuc- 
cessful in  their  business  —  men  who  worked  hard,  and  who  struggled  against  adversity  and 
misfortune  the  greater  part  of  their  lives,  and  who  found  the  more  they  tried  to  get  forward 
in  the  world  the  more  things  went  against  them  —  these  men  got  DR.  RAPHAEL'S  opinion 
upon  their  iuture  prospects  in  life.  All  who  wisely  followed  DR.  RAPHAEL'S  advice  are 
now  RICH,  HAPPY  AND  SUCCESSFUL  in  all  their  undertakings,  while  those  who  were 
blinded  by  prejudice  and  ignorance,  neglecting  his  advice,  are  still  laboring  against  adversity 
and  poverty. 

GOOD  NEWS  FOR  THE  AFFLICTED.  —  If  you  visit  him  personally  he  can  tell  the  afflicted 
the  cause  of  their  disease  and  suffering.  He  can  also  tell  whether  they  can  be  cured  or  not, 
thus  saving  the  afflicted  both  trouble  and  expense. 

His  hours  for  seeing  visitors  are  from  10  A.  M.  to  4  P.  M.  daily,  (Sundays  excepted,)  at  No. 
213  East  Madison  Street,  (up  stairs)  between  Wells  and  Franklin  Streets,  Chicago,  Illinois- 
Consultation  Fee,  one  dollar. 

PERSONS  AT  A  DISTANCE  may  communicate  CONFIDENTUI.I.V  by  letter,  if  they  enclose 
one  dollar,  for  Consultation  Fee,  in  each  letter.  All  letters,  communications  and  interviews 
are  strictly  private  and  confidential.  No  answer  will  be  given  to  letters  unless  one  dollar  is 
enclosed  as  a  Consultation  Fee.  By  enclosing  four  3  cent  stamps,  DR.  RAPHAEL'S  GUIDE 
TO  HEALTH  AND  LONG  LIFE  will  be  sent  to  all  who  are  in  delicate  health,  and  whose 
infirmities  and  impotence  prevent  them  from  getting  married.  One  for  the  LADIES,  and 
one  for  the  GENTLEMEN  —  say  which  you  want,  or  send  six  3  cent  stamps  for  the  two  books. 
His  Circular  about  getting  Rich  and  Eminent,  winning  the  affections  of  the  opposite  sex, 
ending  with  a  speedy  and  happy  marriage,  will  be  sent  gratis  at  the  same  time. 

Address  all  letters  as  follows  :  DR.  RAPHAEL, 

Post  Office  Box  0273,  Chicago,  HI. 


77 

cars,  were  soon  at  the  crib  shaft,  appearing  somewhat  blinded 
by  the  light,  as  they  ascended  from  beneath  the  lake.  The 
party  who  came  by  the  tug  were  'already  there,  and  many 
were  the  congratulations  exchanged.  In  a  short  time  the 
second  train  from  the  shore  arrived,  and  the  wondering 
passengers  were  also  elevated  to  the  large  room  in  the 
crib.  At  this  juncture  cannon  boomed  upon  the  air,  fired 
simultaneously  from  the  crib  and  the  shore. 

After  partaking  of  a  fine  collation,  prepared  in  the 
kitchen  of  the  crib,  the  party  that  carne  by  the  tug  started 
off  for  the  shore,  via  the  Tunnel  railroad,  and  the  mayor, 
aldermen,  etc.,  took  passage  on  the  tug. 

The  stone  laid  by  Mayor  Rice  bore  the  following 
inscription : 


CLO  SED, 
December    6,    1866. 


OIF1 

THE   SPIRITUAL  REPUBLIC. 

mllE  SPIRITUAL  REPUBLIC,  as  its  name  indicates,  is  a  journal  of  Spiritual  Philosophy. 
\_  It  comprehends  the  soul  and  body  of  American  ideas.  Having  a  heart  in  every  reform, 
it  is  the  medium  of  inspired  truth  in  the  reconstructive  work  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Independent  of  sect  and  party,  criticises  men  and  their  policies  without  compromise,  demand- 
•  ing  Equal  Rights  to  all.  Radical  in  character,  it  demolishes  oppressive  institutions,  and 
builds  anew  in  harmonious  proportions.  Select  in  literature,  scientific  in  investigation, 
cosmopolitan  in  spirit,  it  revolutionizes  public  sentiment  for  a  grand  eclecticism  of  religion 
and  politics. 

EDITORIAL  CORPS: 

Resident  Editors — F.  L.  Wadsworth,  J.  Osgood  Barrett.  Corresponding  jEWitors— -Mary  F. 
Davis,  Selden  J.  Finney,  J.  S.  Loveland,  Hudson  Tuttle,  Emma  Tuttle. 

THE  SPIRITUAL  REPUBLIC  is  a  large  octavo,  printed  on  good  paper  with  plain  new 
type.  Published  every  Saturday,  at  84  Dearborn  street,  Chicago,  111. 

Terms  of  Subscription. — In  advance:  1  year  $3.00;  6  months  $1.50;  singl e copies  lOc. 

CLUB    BATES. 


5  copies  for  one  year, $14.00 

10      "          "  "     27.00 

2i>      "          "  "     ,  ...  65.00 


50  copies  for  one  year $125.00 

100      "          "  "    240.00 


>KS~  Specimen  Copies  sent  Free. 
SEWING  MACHINE. 

We  have  entered  into  an  arrangement  with  Messrs.  Finkle  &  Lyon,  to  supply  our  friends 
with  their  superb  Sewing  Machine.  It  is  a  first  class  Lock  Stitch  Machine,  divested  of  every 
loose  and  clumsy  attachment,  of  even  delicate  and  complicated  contrivance,  is  perfectly 
simple  in  its  construction,  easily  understood  and  reudily  adjusted.  It  is  strong  and  durable, 
and  adapted  to  a  great  range  of  work.  The  most  inexperienced  can  operate  and  regulate  it 
without  difficulty.  To  canvassers  we  will  furnish  this  Machine,  properly  packed,  marked 
and  delivered  at  our  office,  as  ordered,  on  the  following  liberal  terms  : 

50  copies,  pre-paid,  1  year,  Machine  worth  $60  I  23  copies,  1  year,  with  $20,  Machine  worth  $60 
36      "  "  "  with  $10  extra,  "        "   [  10      "  "        l;      $30,         " 

JOB  PRINTING  AND  BINDING  done  on  short  notice,  and  in  the  most  complete  manner. 
Address    J.  0.  BARRETT,  Sec'y,  P.  0.  Drawer  6325,  Chicago. 


78 


141  State  Street,, 


-      -       ILLINOIS, 

Post  Office  Box  3033. 


J.  IH.  HATHAWAY, 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 


Office  and  Yard,  No,  44  Market  Street, 

NEAR  RANDOLPH, 

CHICAGO,        - 


H 


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Pi 


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P 
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125 
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QC 

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Fresh  Flowers  Tor  the  Bride  to  wear. 
Bring  Flowers  o'er  the  Bier  to  shed. 


GREEN  HOUSE, 

>o.  104  Madison  St., 


K 
CD 


Arranged  on  short  notice  in  the 
neatest  style. 


WEDDINGS  and  PARTIES  SUPPLIED 


Choice  Plants,  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Tree* 
constantly  on  hand. 

Fresh  Flowers  Dally. 
J.   S.    RASKINS, 

Chicago,  Illinois, 


